Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria, 1994–2015: Systematic review and meta-analysis (original) (raw)
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Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Background: Urinary schistosomiasis remains a major cause of public health concern with the global burden predominant in Sub-Sahara Africa. Over 78 countries are affected and approximately 800 million people are exposed to the disease in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounting for 90% of cases and an estimated 280,000 deaths each year. The disease poses a substantial public health challenge causing an estimated 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years. There is however no consolidated data on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in West Africa. Systematic Review Article Aim: This study assessed the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in West Africa. Methods: This research employed a systematic literature review to meticulously gather and analyze existing data, with the primary aim of establishing the weighted prevalence of S. haematobium infection in West Africa rigorously adhering to the PRISMA guidelines between March 1 and March 12, 2023, spanning key databases including MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Prevalence metrics were presented using proportion. Random effects model was used as significantly large heterogeneity was observed among the studies. The DerSimonian-Laird random effects method was used as the between study variance estimator in estimating the pooled proportion estimate and its confidence interval. Publication bias was assessed using the Egger's test and the Beggs test as well as funnel plots. The MedCalc statistical software version 14 and OpenMeta [Analyst] meta-analysis tools were used for the meta-analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: This review included 133 articles out of which 91 (68.40%) representing the majority were contributed by Nigeria. Overall, this review comprised 126508 participants out of which 40019 were identified to be infected with S. haematobium. The pooled prevalence based on the random effect model was 37.6% (95%CI: 33.9%-41.3%). Pooled prevalence rates of 41.4% (95% CI: 36.1%-46.7%), 40.2% (95% CI: 24.7%-55.6%) and 23.9% (95% CI: 16.8%-30.9%) were recorded among rural, suburban and urban dwellers respectively. A meta regression analysis revealed a significantly decreasing trend in the prevalence of schistosomiasis with advancement in year of publication (Coeff.-0.007, p=0.004). Conclusion: The result from this study highlights the positive impact of control measures instituted in fighting urinary schistosomiais in West Africa. Targeted interventions, especially in rural areas may further aid in the elimination of the schistosomiasis menace in the subregion. Age-specific disparities underscore the need for tailored approaches. This review emphasizes the importance of sustained control measures and continued research to achieve long-term disease reduction and, ultimately, elimination.
Urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria: a 50 year review of prevalence, distribution and disease burden
Parasite
We reviewed survey data deposited in the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases database and many other articles on the prevalence and distribution of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium surveys conducted over the period of 50 years under review using different diagnostic tools revealed that Ogun State has the highest prevalence, followed by Ekiti state, while the lowest prevalence was recorded in Adamawa. No incidence of Schistosoma haematobium was recorded for states such as Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Nasarawa, Jigawa and Gombe. In terms of endemicity, this review has shown that Nigeria is divided into four zones: hyperendemic, moderately endemic, low endemic, and no endemic zones. A survey of 47 (15%) of the 323 dams in Nigeria revealed that 45 out of the 47 dams are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the remaining two are located in the moderately endemic zone. Twenty (43%) of the total surveyed dams harboured Bulinus globosus and/or Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the...
This study comparatively examined the prevalence of Urinary schistosomiasis in a rural and an urban community in Benue State, Nigeria. The sedimentation technique was used to examine 440 urine samples for Schistosoma haematobium. A high prevalence of 194(44.1%) was observed in both populations. The prevalence of infection in the rural community 165(55.0%) was higher than the urban area 29(20.7%). There was a significant difference in the infection among the urban and rural settings (χ 2 cal =25.41, df=1, p-value <0.05). The prevalence rates was significant in both communities, with age-group >16 in Guma recording the highest infection rate 7(77.8%), while age group 16-18 years recorded the highest prevalence 13(25.5%) in the urban area. When compared to other age groups, these differences were also significantly different (p < 0.05). In both communities, the pattern of infection between male and female participants showed consistency; in both communities males were more infected. Overall, these gender differences were statistically significant (χ 2 cal =4.223, df=1, p-value <0.05). Individuals who wash in streams or river recorded the highest infection rate of 82(18.6%), compared to individuals who are exposed to other predisposing factors. It was concluded that urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in both communities and that factors that enhance the susceptibility of individuals to the disease are still prevalent in Benue state. The study recommends that breaking the cycle of the disease could be realized through a sustained health enlightenment campaign on the disease, the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation.
Science World Journal, 2012
A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis in Abarma district of Gusau Local Government Area of Zamfara State, Nigeria. A total of 400 urine samples were collected and analyzed for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium using the standard filtration technique out of which 296 (74.0%) were found to be infected. The mean egg intensity of infection was 77.63 eggs/10ml of urine. The infection rate was higher among males 81.7% than the females 68.6%, although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The males had higher mean egg intensity of 139.36 eggs/10ml of urine compared to the females with 38.16%eggs/10ml of urine. The highest infection was recorded in the age group 10-19 years, with 86.8% and egg mean intensity of 102.7 eggs/10ml of urine while the least infection rate occurred within the 30- 39 years and 50-59 years age groups, with 55.0 and 50.0 eggs/10ml of urine respectively indicating infection to be age spec...
A twelve-month epidemio-ecological study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis was conducted in Bauchi State, from January to December, 2016. Two thousand 2000 samples each of faeces and urine were collected and examined microscopically for schistosome eggs. The urine samples were examined using sedimentation method while the faecal samples were examined using formol-ether concentration technique. Twenty eight 28 (1.40%) of the entire volunteers urine samples collected had eggs of S.haematobium 3(0.15%) had eggs of S. mansoni in their faecal samples. The infection rates in different month by S.mansoni species, infection rate in different sexes and infection rate in individuals from different senatorial zone by schistosomiasis were not statistically significant while the infection rates in different month by S.heamatobium species, infection rate in different age groups, infection rate in individuals using different water source, infection rate in individuals using different types of toilet facilities and the infection rate in individuals in different occupational groups were all statistically significant at (p<0.05). Though there was low prevalence of the disease in the study area, there is need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or complete eradicate the disease.
Studies were carried out on urinary schistosomiasis in 9 communities of Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Of the 487 persons examined, 55 (11.3%) were positive for Schistosoma haematobium ova. Highest prevalence was recorded in Umuokanne (27.8%), followed by Umukene (16.3%) and Nwori (13.2%), while Umuagwo had no infected persons. The infection varied significantly among various age and occupational groups (P<0.05). The males had higher infection rate (13.2%) than the females (8.8%). About 80.0% of all the infected persons were within the 1-40 years age bracket, while only 20% were within the fifth decade of life and above. A greater proportion of infected persons (47.3%) had haematuria, while supra-public pain and painful urination was observed in 18.2 and 14.5% respectively. The implications of these findings on the community health management in Imo state are discussed.
Pathogens
Urinary schistosomiasis is a devastating parasitic disease in Nigeria. This study was carried out to investigate the current prevalence, intensity, risk factors and knowledge assessment among some rural communities in southwestern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which a standard urine filtrations technique was used to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect subject’s data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Of the total 620 urine samples examined, overall 346 (55.81%) were positive with a mean egg intensity (S.D) of 65.60 (59.33) egg/10 mL of urine. Significant differences occurred in the analysis. Males had the highest prevalence and intensity of 224 (61.9%) and 69.20 egg/10 mL of urine, respectively. The 10–14 years age group had the highest prevalence of 65.9% while mean intensity of infection among the age group decreases with increasing age, with the highest mean intensity of infect...
High Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis in a Nigerian Community
African Journal Biomedical Research
The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogbadibo Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria was investigated. Out of 657 urine samples examined, 300 (46.6%) showed the presence of Schistosoma haematobium. Of the 300 positive samples, 152 (23.13%) were from males and 148 (22.52%) were from females. Owukpa and Eha zones showed higher prevalence 10.8% and 10.35% respectively than the other three zones. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of the disease in the study is neither sex, nor age dependent, hence there was no observed significant difference (p>0.05), though the age group 11-20 years (9.56%) has a slightly higher prevalence than other age groups. There was a close relationship between haematuria and positive urine samples. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus species, and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat were thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area.
Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogun state, Southwest, Nigeria
Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 2018
Schistosomiasis is an environmentally-mediated disease that depend on the presence of suitable habitats for snails, which serve as intermediate hosts for the causative parasites. Research has shown that the disease is endemic in Osun state and remains unabated. Until now, there has never been any mapping of the disease in the State. This study will serve as a reliable baseline data for intervention planning in the State. School children were randomly selected and examined for schistosomiasis infection at Community Primary School, Eggua, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Urine samples were collected in wide mouthed plastic container and were examined for schistosome eggs, using sedimentation by gravity method of the 121 pupils examined. 62 (51.2%) were tested positive for Schistosoma haematobium ova, the highest prevalence (53.9%) was recorded in age group 11-15 years. Also the heaviest intensity of infection (11.8%) based on the egg count per 10ml of urine was found in this age group, while 0-5 years had no infection. Males had higher infection rate (54.2%) than females (49.3%), which however was not statistically significant (P<0.05). Hence, considering the high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the study community, there is a need for health education, provision of alternative sources of water, Mass Drug Administration and freshwater snail control in the area.