Elisa and HPLC analyses of deoxynivalenol in maize and wheat (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005
Conjugated mycotoxins, in which the toxin is usually bound to a more polar substance like glucose, are referred to as masked mycotoxins, as these substances escape routine detection methods but can release their toxic precursors after hydrolysis. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of a glucoside of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Fusarium-infected wheat and maize. To obtain appropriate standards, we chemically synthesized deoxynivalenol-3-D-glucopyranoside (DON-3-glucoside) and deoxynivalenol-15-D-glucopyranoside (DON-15-glucoside). The synthesis products were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The DON-glucosides showed different collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation behaviors and could therefore be distinguished. Wheat plants were either treated with DON (n) 52) or with Fusarium spp. (n) 4) at anthesis, and after harvest, wheat ears were analyzed for DON and DON-glucosides. All 56 treated wheat samples contained DON and a DON-glucoside with the same retention time, molecular mass, and CID fragmentation behavior as the synthetic DON-3-glucoside. Moreover, the DON-glucoside was also found in two out of three analyzed naturally DON-contaminated maize and in five out of five naturally contaminated wheat samples, in a range from 4 to 12% of the DON concentration. To further confirm the identity of the DON-glucoside, the compound was isolated from wheat extracts and characterized as DON-3-glucoside with NMR. The results of this study indicate the importance to consider both DON and DON-3-glucoside with regard to food and feed safety.
Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and its 3- β -D-glucoside in wheat and maize
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2009
Deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G), a phase II plant metabolite of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), occurs in naturally Fusarium contaminated cereals. In order to investigate the frequency of occurrence as well as relative and absolute concentrations of D3G in naturally infected cereals, 23 wheat samples originating from fields in Austria, Germany and Slovakia as well as 54 maize samples from Austrian fields were analyzed for DON and D3G by LC-MS/MS. Both analytes were detected in all the 77 field samples. DON was found at levels from 42 to 4130 ng/g (977±1000 ng/g on average).
Toxins, 2021
The Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of cereals and is often co-occurring with its modified forms DON-3-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyl-DON (3ADON) or 15-acetyl-DON (15ADON). A stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method for their determination in cereals was developed and validated for maize. Therefore, 13C-labelled D3G was enzymatically produced using 13C-DON and [13C6Glc]-sucrose and used as an internal standard (IS) for D3G, while uniformly 13C labelled IS was used for the other mycotoxins. Baseline separation was achieved for the critical peak pair DON/D3G, while 3ADON/15ADON could not be fully baseline separated after testing various reversed phase, fluorinated phase and chiral LC columns. After grinding, weighing and extracting the cereal samples, the raw extract was centrifuged and a mixture of the four 13C-labelled ISs was added directly in a microinsert vial. The subsequent analytical run took 7 mi...
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2015
We report the identification of deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate and deoxynivalenol-15-sulfate as two novel metabolites of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat. Wheat ears which were either artificially infected with Fusarium graminearum or directly treated with the major Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were sampled 96 h after treatment. Reference standards, which have been chemically synthesized and confirmed by NMR, were used to establish a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (LC-ESI)-MS/MS-based "dilute and shoot" method for the detection, unambiguous identification, and quantification of both sulfate conjugates in wheat extracts. Using this approach, detection limits of 0.003 mg/kg for deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate and 0.002 mg/kg for deoxynivalenol-15-sulfate were achieved. Matrix-matched calibration was used for the quantification of DON-sulfates in the investigated samples. In DON-treated samples, DON-3-sulfate was detected in the range of 0.29-1.4 m...
Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in durum wheat from Argentina
Food Chemistry, 2017
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin found in wheat that is infected with Fusarium fungus. DON may also be converted to a type of "masked mycotoxin", named deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G), as a result of detoxification of the plant. In this study, DON and D3G were measured using gas chromatographic (GC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in wheat samples collected during 2011 and 2012 in the USA. Results indicate that the growing region had a significant effect on the DON and D3G (p < 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between both methods (GC and LC-MS) used for determination of DON content. DON showed a significant and positive correlation with D3G during 2011. Overall, DON production had an effect on D3G content and kernel damage, and was dependent on environmental conditions during Fusarium infection.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF DEOXYNIVALENOL AND ITS ACETYLATED DERIVATIVES IN WHEAT IN NORTH OF IRAN
Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives (3-AcDON and 15-AcDON) as inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis are the most important group of mycotoxins produced by Fusariumhead blight (FHB). In this survey, 162 wheat samples from north Iran (Golestan province) have been analyzed for the occurrence of DON, 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON using HPLC/UV method. Samples were classified according to place, year of harvest (2011 and 2012) and wheat cultivar. Results have shown that 79% of the samples were co-contaminated with one or more trichothecene toxins including DON, 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON. From 162 samples, 74%, 35.8% and 48.7 % showed DON, 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON contamination, respectively, ranging from 150.7-1650.5 μg kg −1 , 10.2-320.4 μg kg −1 and 10.3-550.3 μg kg −1 . In all samples, the maximum DON levels were below the maximum permitted thresholds established by the EU. Non-parametric statistical studies revealed that significant differences existed between the results from the two harvests for DON, 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON. It was also demonstrated that Shiroodi, the favorite cultivar of the flour industry, is probably the most susceptible to contamination with DON among the cultivars investigated
Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat flours in Guilan Province, northern Iran
Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 2015
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of several mycotoxins produced by certain Fusarium species that frequently infect wheat, corn, rice, oats, barley and other grains in the field or during storage. Guilan, Golestan and Mazandaran areas are located in the North Iran with favorite conditions for Fusarium growth. DON affects animal and human health causing vomiting, acute temporary nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, and fever. In this study, a total of 96 wheat flour samples of different types were collected during summer 2013 from six flour mills in Northern Iran. All samples were analyzed for DON by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DON was detected in 80 out of 96 wheat flour samples (83.33%), at levels ranging from 23 to1270 µg/kg. The maximum contamination level of DON (1270 μg/kg) was found in whole flour while the minimum value (23 μg/kg) was registered in debranned flour. The mean of contamination was 630.53 µg/kg. According to results obtained, incidence and cont...
Food Chemistry, 2007
A confirmatory method for fusariotoxin analysis in maize meal, based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS), was developed, and compared with a previously published screening method, based on the same technique. By eluting selectively from a Carbograph-4 clean-up cartridge trichothecenes, fumonisins and macrocyclic lactones, and optimizing LC-MS/MS conditions for every chemical class, a sensitive and reliable determination was performed. Method quantification limits for confirmatory and screening methods were in the range 0.001-0.019 mg/kg and 0.003-0.125 mg/kg, respectively. Maize samples collected from four different hybrids grown in five experimental field trials were analyzed with both screening and confirmatory procedures. In most of the samples, fumonisin B 1-3 were revealed with a concentration above 2 mg/kg. Zearalenone was found at a higher level than 0.5 mg/kg in three samples, and nine samples were found positive for this toxin only with the confirmation method, being contaminated at levels below 0.008 mg/kg. Among trichothecenes B only deoxynivalenol was found twice at a concentration over 1 mg/kg, whereas fusarenon X was never revealed. Trichothecenes A were present at a concentration lower than 0.015 mg/kg.
Deoxynivalenol in Grains of Oats and Wheat Produced in Slovakia
The Journal "Agriculture and Forestry", 2016
The mycotoxin survey focused on natural occurrence of Deoxynivalenol (DON) in mature grains of oats and wheat produced by Slovak fields in 2013. DON is one of the most predominant mycotoxins occurring in grains of cereals produced by Fusarium fungi after the attack of plants. A total of 10 oat samples from 9 locations and 178 wheat samples from 89 locations were collected in 2013. The samples were collected directly from growers. A commercial ELISA kit was used to determine the DON concentration in wheat samples with the limit of detection < 0.2 mg.kg-1 (ppm) and limit of quantification 0.2 mg.kg-1 (ppm). Mycotoxin was found in 30.0% (max. 0.49 mg.kg-1) of oat and 82.0 % (max. 5.10 mg.kg-1) of wheat samples. The natural mean DON contamination of oat samples was lower than in wheat samples. Only wheat samples had higher DON content than defined by the regulations of the European Union (EU) for this mycotoxin. Results indicated that the location had a significant effect on the DON content (p<0.000) in wheat grains what was connected with climatic conditions.