The dynamics underlying the negative mental health effects of gender discrimination in two samples: Poland and Egypt (original) (raw)
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Psychology, 2015
Traumatology perspective on gender discrimination GD, views it as type III identity continuous trauma that has continuous and stable negative mental health effects. Current work evaluated the salience of GD's negative effects across different cultures and outcome measures and tested the differential impact of GD within the household (GD-P), and GD within social institutions (GD-S). Data from four previous studies on American Indians, Palestinians, and clients of mental health clinics in Egypt and torture survivors in the US were re-analyzed. All the four studies used the same measure of GD, and trauma types, with similar and different outcome measures which allowed measuring the stability of the effects across different cultures and different outcome measures. Partial correlation and path analysis were conducted. GD predicted increased PTSD, cumulative trauma disorders, general anxiety, annihilation anxiety, and decreased in self-esteem, general assessed functioning. Results suggested that linear and non-linear effects of GD supported its cumulative dynamics. GD-S was associated with more negative outcomes than GD-P. Further, internalizing and appraising GD as positive mediated by resulted decrease in self-esteem, predicted negative mental health outcomes, while negative appraisal did not predict any negative change. Positive appraisal of GD may be a negative coping strategy. The implications of results for trauma I. A. Kira et al.
Sex roles, 2009
This study examined the relationship between internalized misogyny and two other forms of internalized sexism, self-objectification and passive acceptance of traditional gender roles. In addition, it examined the moderating role of internalized misogyny in the link between sexist events and psychological distress. Participants consisted of 274 heterosexual women who were recruited at a large southern university in the United States and completed an online survey. Results indicated that internalized misogyny was related to, but conceptually distinct from self-objectification and passive acceptance. Findings also indicated that greater experiences of sexist events were associated with higher levels of psychological distress. In addition, internalized misogyny intensified the relationship between external sexism and psychological distress.
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2020
The objective of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Internalized Misogyny Scale (IMS). The study sample consisted of 510 students. In relation to the validity of the items comprising the scale, an item-total correlation test and internal consistency analysis were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis was used to reveal the factorial structure of the scale and to provide evidence, and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to confirm that the scale measured the theoretical structure. In order to evaluate the reliability of the scale in terms of internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale and each subscale was calculated. In this study, the chi-square test statistic obtained from Bartlett test analysis was found to be significant (χ2 = 2444.990; p < 0.001). The scale's item-total correlation coefficient varied from 0.32 to 0.92, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82. The results of the exploratory factor analysis conducted for the IMS indicate that the scale consisted of three sub-scales, namely, "Devaluing women," "Distrust of women," and "Gender bias in favor of men," as in the original version, and explains 47.446% of the total variance. Consequently, the 17item scale and three factors were found to be theoretically and statistically acceptable. The IMS was proven to be a valid and reliable tool of measurement.
Psychological correlates with violence against women victimization in Egypt
International Journal of Mental Health, 2020
Violence against women (VAW) is a major public health concern. This study objected to detect the psychological correlates with VAW victimization in Egypt. A total of 808 women aged 18 years or older and living with a male companion in Giza and Beni-Suef participated in this cross-sectional study. Women reported their exposure, during the preceding six months, to sexual harassment, cyber harassment, physical violence, verbal insults, deprivation from going out, and financial deprivation. The psychological status of women was evaluated using the Arabic versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The results indicated that exposure to sexual harassment was associated with low perceived support from family (b ¼ À0.94, 95% CI: À1.81, À0.07) and friends (b ¼ À1.05, 95% CI: À1.90, À0.20). Women who were exposed to verbal insults reported more depressive symptoms (b ¼ 1.67, 95% CI: 0.30, 3.05) and lower perceived support from family (b ¼ À1.21, 95% CI: À2.09, À0.32) and friends (b ¼ À1.18, 95% CI: À2.05, À0.32) than non-exposed women. Physical violence victimization was associated with low perceived family support (b ¼ À1.13, 95% CI: À2.12, À0.13) and low self-esteem (b ¼ À0.73, 95% CI: À1.46, À0.01). In conclusion, VAW victimization was associated with several adverse psychological deficits.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2010
Popular media convey notions that the United States is a postfeminist culture, where sexism is a thing of the past and gender equality prevails. Empirical data suggest otherwise. Further, links between group-based discrimination and psychological distress have been well documented (e.g., in bisexual and gay Latino men, African Americans, Asian Americans). Less understood are mediating factors explaining these links. We hypothesized a theory-based, integrated path model of women's distress and well-being as predicted by sexist events, highlighting intermediate effects of women's beliefs about justice and control in their lives. Specifically, we hypothesized that the more a woman experiences sexist events, the less fair and just her life seems; in turn, she feels less control of her life and reports heightened mental health concerns (depression, anxiety, less well-being). Cross-sectional data from 264 women indicated that sexist events had indirect effects on all three mental ...
Discrimination and Psychological Distress: Gender Differences among Arab Americans
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2017
Background: Despite the existing knowledge on the association between discrimination and poor mental health, very few studies have explored gender differences in this association in Arab Americans. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate whether gender moderates the association between the experience of discrimination and psychological distress in a representative sample of Arab Americans in Michigan. Methods: Using data from the Detroit Arab American Study (DAAS), 2003, this study recruited Arab Americans (337 males, 385 females) living in Michigan, United States. The main independent variable was discrimination. The main outcome was psychological distress. Covariates included demographic factors (age), socioeconomic status (education, employment, and income), and immigration characteristics (nativity and years living in United States). Gender was the focal moderator. We used multivariable regression with and without discrimination × gender interaction term. results: In the pooled sample, discrimination was positively associated with psychological distress [B = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-1.03, p = 0.003]. We found a significant gender × discrimination interaction in the pooled sample (B = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.01-1.59, p = 0.050), suggesting a stronger association in males than females. In our gender-specific model, higher discrimination was associated with higher psychological distress among male (B = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.33-1.42, p = 0.002) but not female (B = 0.18, 95% CI = −0.43 to 0.78, p = 0.567) Arab Americans. conclusion: While discrimination is associated with poor mental health, a stronger link between discrimination and psychological symptoms may exist in male compared to female Arab Americans. While efforts should be made to universally reduce discrimination, screening for discrimination may be a more salient component of mental health care for male than female Arab Americans.
Self-esteem as a moderator between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among women
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2002
The relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress was investigated within a social comparison theory framework. Predictions of a variant of social comparison theory-relative deprivation theory-as well as predictions from the stress-buffering literature pertaining to the moderating effects of self-esteem were tested using samples primarily composed of European American women. Results regarding the theorized self-protecting roles of personal self-esteem (Study 1) and collective self-esteem (Study 2) indicated mixed support for personal self-esteem and consistent support for collective self-esteem as moderators of the discrimination-distress relationship. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory, practice, and research pertaining to the impact of discrimination and social stigma.
International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS), 2022
Background and objectives: Family is a center for affection and an environment for friendship and kindness among family members. However, the occurrence of violence in the family by one of the members towards others disrupts this function. This study investigated the relationship between religious orientation, cognitive styles of emotion regulation, gendered educational style and men's mental health is affected by violence against women. Materials and methods: The statistical population included the married men who referred to medical centers in Qazvin city; among whom, 300 people were selected through convenience sampling method. Data collection tools were Alport's Religious Beliefs Questionnaire, Keys' Mental Health Questionnaire, Mohseni Tabrizi's Domestic Violence Questionnaire, and Garnevsky's cognitive regulation of emotion. For descriptive analysis of data, central tendency and dispersion were used. The obtained data were analyzed in two descriptive and inferential statistics parts, using SPSS20 and Lisrel 8.80 software. The structural equations technique was used to implement the conceptual model of the research and hypothesis testing. Ethical considerations: 5739 Because the questions related to marital relations are private, it was attempted to use Iranian-Islamic questionnaires. Findings: Religious orientation, mental health, gendered educational style, and men's cognitive emotion regulation styles have a positive relationship with violence against women. Also, religious orientation, mental health, and cognitive emotion regulation styles in interaction with each other have a positive relationship with acts of violence against women. Discussion: treatment of personality disorders, improving the culture of discussion between family members along with other continuous educational measures are able to involve in social structures penetrate laws, customs, beliefs and social attitudes which support the inequality of members and mutually, with the modification and change of these structures, the modification of the atmosphere within the families will be observed.
Health and Well-Being Consequences for Gender Violence Survivors from Isolating Gender Violence
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Recent scientific literature has published about the Isolating Gender Violence (IGV), the violence exerted by harassers against those who support their victims. IGV provokes suffering to advocates with health and well-being consequences that have been analyzed by more recent research; but IGV provokes also suffering on the victims of gender violence when they see the suffering of those who have supported them and also for their isolation. Thus, the aim of the present study is to explore the health and well-being consequences of IGV on gender violence survivors. The methodology includes three narratives of gender violence survivors whose advocates supporting them were victimized by IGV. The results show, on the one hand, an increase of the health and well-being effects of gender violence already analyzed by scientific literature; on the other hand, new health and well-being effects appear. All survivors interviewed say that, besides those new consequences for their health, the suppor...
Stress, Oppression & Women’s Mental Health: A Discussion of the Health Consequences of Injustice
2013
Oppression results in persistent and intersecting impacts on women’s health, including their spiritual, psychological and biophysical health. Although the concepts of oppression and stress have been discussed extensively in the literature, there is relatively little discussion of the complex interplay among the body’s biophysical stress handling systems and the everyday impacts of oppression. This article focuses on the root causes of women’s mental health struggles, with emphasis on the nature and impacts of intersecting oppressions and the social determinants of health. Violence against women is highlighted as a key foundation for women’s stress across the lifecourse. Oppression has a profound and long-lasting impact on the body’s stress handling system. These pathways are detailed with a focus on mental health and biophysical health consequences of oppression. The article concludes with a discussion of the new drivers of medicalization, and psychiatrization in particular, in the ...