Histological Development of Grafting in Apple in Cold and High Altitude Conditions (original) (raw)
Related papers
International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2014
The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable budding methods in different apple cultivars. In this study, MM 109 was used as rootstock under field conditions. Granny Smith, Red Chief, Golden Delicious and Mondial Gala apple cultivars were used as grafting scions. The chip and T budding were grafting methods. All budding operations were done on the 25 th April in 2012. Bud taking rate, bud sprouting rate, graft shoot diameter, shoot length and graft combinations were determined in this study. Bud taking and sprouting success resulted in sufficient values for all cultivars and grafting types. Also, satisfactory values for graft diameter and length shoot were obtained. The conclusion was that chip buddings were superior to T buddings; and Mondial Gala was superior to other cultivars in terms of graft shoot quality. Successful results were obtained in all grafting combinations of chip budding. The success could be attributed in chip budding that it caused the less necrotic tissue in blanking between rootstock and scion then better cambial continuity and vascular integration occurred.
This research was designed to observe the stages of graft union in relation to different growth rate between the rootstock Ottawa 3 and three apple varieties, Smoothee, Summerred and Braeburn. Three to five graft samples of each rootstock/scion combinations were taken at 30 days interval until 12 months passed after from grafting. Samples were fixed in ethanol (70%). Transverse sections in 20-30 µm thickness were cut with a rotary microtome. Five base stages of graft formation were examined on samples: (1) development and positions of necrotic layers, (2) proliferation of callus cells, (3) formation of callus bridge at the graft interface, (4) cambial continuity and (5) formation of vascular tissues. In the sections prepared from subsequent samples of graft combinations were seen as a good union. Necrotic layers were eliminated in the callus, except for the outer cortex. In outer cortex region, necrotic layers were transformed to bark. Callus filled the gaps between interface of the stock and the scion. Cambial continuity occurred successfully and vascular tissues were connected. Thus, no evidences for tissue incompatibility were found in this study. Histological observations showed a compatible graft union between the graft partners which have different growing characteristics in relation to tissue formation.
The aim of this research was to observe histological developments during the early stages of graft formation between some spur apple varieties and apple rootstocks in order to assess compatibility/incompatibility related to different growing rate of the plants used. As rootstocks, one year-old clonally propagated A2, B118, M111 (vigorous) and M7, M16, Pj80 (semi-dwarfing) were used. Scions were taken from one-year-old shoots of Scarlet Spur, Red Spur and Redchief spur apple varieties. Rootstocks were planted in the field in winter 2007 and whip-grafted in April 2008. An evident incompatibility was not observed in the combinations. Sufficient callus proliferation was visible in all the combinations. Successful cambial and vascular connection was apparent in the 90-day sections. In the 120 th and following sections, it was observed that callus usually filled all the gaps between the rootstock and the scion. Xylem and phloem strands successively bridged the union. However, especially Pj80/Redchief and M16/Red Spur should be followed up in subsequent years in the field conditions because of the excessive callus formation between the stock and the scion.
Producing Plant Material at Intermediate Grafted Apple
Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca
Tree precocity represents an important characteristic that shortens the youth of the tree and influences the cost of maintenance of the orchard during the first years of production. Low vigour rootstocks ensure precocity but do not always ensure a good ramification and are more demanding in terms of culture conditions. Testing the way apple tree behaves using seven varieties (ʽPinova’, ʽSirius’, ʽMutsu’, ʽGoldRush’, ʽMars’, ʽKarneval’ and ʽTopaz’) grafted in eight combinations out of which four with an intermediary stock showed different reactions determined by the rootstock and by the intermediary itself regarding tree height, capacity to form branches of fruit and fruit buds. Tree height was influenced by the vigour of the rootstock; the largest trees were produced using the rootstock ʽMM106’ while the ʽB9’ used as interstem greatly reduced the vigour of the trees grafted on ʽA2’ and ʽMM111’. The ramification capacity depended on the grafting combination; the number of formed bran...
Seasonal Variability and Environmental Condition to Grafting Success in Fruit Crops-A Review
Grafting is a propagation technique for the multiplication of plants. It is of paramount importance in fruit trees as it results in the highest success and field establishment. There are different type of grafting techniques involved in fruit crops depending upon the nature of fruit trees and purpose of utilization. The prerequisite for a graft to be success, both the stock and scion should be compatible. Anatomical study of graft union aimed to facilitate an understanding regarding graft union formation process for compatibility or incompatibility of grafts through the changes in the graft union at different stages. Also, grafting success is determined by various other important factors such as grafting seasons, grafting methods, propagation environment etc. Different fruit crops grafts responds in different seasons. A controlled environment condition showing congenial condition for faster healing and callus formation results in better graft success and survival. So, there is a need to studythe season, grafting technique as well as propagation environment to obtain the highest graft success, graft survival and commercial production of grafts. Plant propagation is an important part of fruit crop improvement. Fruit trees are propagated both sexually and asexually. However, at present the majority of nursery owners utilize sexual method of propagation for the multiplication. As most of the fruit crops gained importance due to their medicinal and nutritive value, the orchardists are demandinggenuine true-to-type planting materials in order to optimize production of quality fruits having an early bearing and dwarf tree stature. But poor germination, slowgrowth of rootstock seedlings, lack of information on season and suitable method ofpropagation has rendered the clonal multiplication process more difficult to produce largescale planting material to meet the growing demand. Looking at the utility of the fruits and high price value the demand for planting material is also increasing. Grafting is of paramount importance in fruit trees as it results in the highest successand field establishment. There are different
Dynamics of graft formation in fruit trees: a review
Albanian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013
This review paper comprehensively discussed the dynamics of graft union formation in fruit trees. Histological studies confirmed graft union is a continuous process and reliable indicators of graft-compatibility are not visible. Although initiation of scion bud development is signs of graft formation processes but early callus formation determines subsequent survival of scion prior to cambial and vascular connectivity. Process of graft union formation is similar in most plants with few variations in days to completion. Factors attributed to graft-incompatibility or otherwise have been mentioned whiles research should also target specific tropical plants.
2020
Grafting is a successful method of propagation of cultivated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). However, the most suitable grafting date and wrapping material have not been well understood. The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of grafting dates and wrapping materials on grafting success of royal delicious apple at Horticulture Research Station, Jumla of Karnali Province. The experiment was laid out in Two Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The treatments span four grafting dates (25th February, 4th March, 11th March, and 18th March of 2018) and two wrapping materials (grafting tape and normal plastic). Data for different parameters were taken at 60 days after grafting (DAG) and 90 DAG. The results revealed that the treatment of grafting date March 11 and grafting tape recorded minimum days (24.38) for first sprouting, minimum days (28.88) for 50% sprouting, maximum success percentage (92.51%), maximum increment in length (54.88 c...
Response of Apple Cultivars to Graft Take Success on Apple Rootstock
An experiment entitled "Response of apple cultivars to graft take success on apple rootstocks" was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (North), Mingora Swat, Pakistan in 2012. Scion wood of five apple cultivars (Royal gala, Mondial gala, Treco gala, Gala must and Spartan) were bench grafted on rootstocks MM-111, 106, M-9,26 and Crabapple. Increase in graft take success (91.10%), plant height (107.97 cm), scion diameter (9.38 mm), number of leaves plant-1 (116.57) were noted in cultivar Gala must with rootstock Crab apple. Since Crab apple rootstock and cultivar Gala must interaction showed significant result among most of the parameters observed hence for increased graft take success and resultant growth Cultivar Gala must with rootstock Crab apple recommended.