Anthropometric Analysis of the Face (original) (raw)
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The effect of ethnicity on facial anthropometry in Northern Iran
Singapore medical journal, 2008
The evaluation and measurement of human body dimensions are achieved by physical anthropometry. Cephalometery is a branch of anthropometry science in which the head and face anatomical dimensions are measured. This research was conducted in view of the importance of anthropometric indices of the face in forensic medicine, surgery, paediatrics and medical imaging. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was set up to determine and compare the face shapes in Fars and Turkman ethnic groups of 808 normal 17- to 20-year-old males and females in Gorgon, North Iran (Fars group 407, male 200 and female 207; Turkman group 401, male 198 and female 203). The length and width of faces were determined by using classic cephalometery technique with Martin spreading callipers, and the shape of faces in the ethnic group of Fars and Turkman in both sexes was compared. The dominant type of face shape in both the native Fars and Turkman females was euryprosopic (37.7 and 51.7 percent, respectively)....
Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 2021
Background The fundamental tenets of facial aesthetic surgery education have not changed in centuries. Research is beginning to demonstrate that the Neoclassical Canons and the Golden Ratio, Phi, have limited utilization in populations other than those of White European extraction. Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze comparable raw data in the literature to determine (1) if there is interethnic variability in Neoclassical Canon and Phi measurements, and (2) if the measurements in these representative samples differ from the “ideal.” Methods A PubMed/Scopus search was performed. Manuscripts with raw data and individuals aged ≥16 were included. Measurements were extracted and employed to calculate the Neoclassical Canons and Phi. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to compare mean measurements across 6 ethnic groups (P < 0.05). Results Twenty-seven articles were included. Every continent was represented except Antarctica and Australia. Men were...
Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2021
This study aimed to determine the normative facial anthropometry measurement among Nigerians using 3D Stereophotogrammetry analysis. This study was carried out in Lagos, Nigeria over a period of three years. The sample population was Nigerians of diverse ethnic groups, age 16 and above with no history of congenital or acquired craniofacial deformities. A total of 452 subjects participated in the study with 56.2% males and 43.8% females. Most of the participants were between the ages of 25-49 (54.4%), 40.7% were less than 25 years of age and only 4.4% were more than 50 years old. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) for males was 22.7 and 23.4 for females. Mean values of upper facial height, midfacial height, lower facial height, intercanthal distance, interpupillary distance, upper facial width, and lower facial width are 69.13±5.91mm, 49.89±3.56mm, 67.85±6.12mm, 35.19±3.20mm, 67.04±3.67mm, 139.43±7.11mm, and 124.29±9.72mm; respectively. The upper facial height, commissure width, upper lip length, and lower jaw width were significantly affected by age, while the BMI of an individual was a determinant of the inter-pupillary distance, facial width, and lower jaw width. This study demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference in the facial dimensions of males when compared to females across all ages among the study population. We also observed that age and BMI are significant predictors of variations in some of the measurements.
Facial Anthropometric Norms of the Young Iranian Population
Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, 2016
Introduction Facial anthropometric measurement is considered an essential concern of surgeons, orthodontists, artists and forensic scientists. The aim of this study is to investigate facial anthropometric norms of the young Iranian population. Methods The study participants consisted of 200 healthy Iranian students (100 males, 100 females) aged 18-25 years old. Twenty-three liner and four angular measurements were investigated twice by a dentist. Independent-samples t test was used to compare indices between males and females and also between countries. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results It was found that the mean measurements of c'-sn' of both sides, nasolabial angle, trichion-gnathion, tragiontragion and gnathion-gnathion were statistically greater in Iranian males than in females (p \ 0.05). Comparing Iranian anthropometric norms with North American Whites, Malays, Turkish and African American women demonstrated that there were statistically significant differences in most anthropometric measurements between Iranians and other populations (p \ 0.05). Conclusion In Iranians, mean measurements of c'-sn' of the right and left sides, nasolabial angle, trichion-gnathion, tragion-tragion and gnathion-gnathion were greater in men than in women. Comparing Iranian males and females with different ethnicities indicated several interracial differences, which should be taken into consideration when dealing with patients or also practitioners originated in this region.
Inter-Ethnic and Demic-Group Variations in Craniofacial Anthropometry: A Review
2019
Craniofacial anthropometry plays an important role in facial structure. This review paper evaluates existing research surrounding population norms of studied facial parameters. The purpose is two-fold: (1) to determine variations in facial measurements due to demi-group or ethnic variations based on traditional (direct) caliper based and image based (indirect) anthropometric methods. (2) to compare where possible, measured facial parameters between referenced studies. Inter and intra-population variations in addition to sexual dimorphism of facial parameters such as the nose and eyes, singularly or in combination with one another, have been concluded. Ocular measurements have exhibited ethnic variations between males and females of the Saudi, Turkish, Egyptian and Iranian group. Moreover, demic variations are reported when the native language has been used a key criterion. It has been concluded that with the current state of migration and inter-demic marriages, the study of homogeno...
Neoclassical Facial Canons in Young Adults
Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 2012
Background: Facial proportional analysis is commonly used in the preoperative planning as well as in consultation for aesthetic and reconstructive operations. Neoclassical canons, introduced by Ancient Greeks, have been used to describe the facial morphological features for many years. In this paper, the validity of 7 neoclassical canons was tested in young adult Greeks. The frequency and kind of variations were noted. Materials and Methods: Direct anthropometric landmarks, obtained from 163 volunteer subjects, were used to test the neoclassical canons of the Greek face. These measurements produced 7 neoclassical canons: the 3-section facial profile canon (tr-n=n-sn=sn-gn), the naso-aural proportion canon (n-sn=sa-sba), the naso-aural inclination canon, the orbital canon (en-en=ex-en), the orbitonasal canon (en-en=al-al), the naso-oral canon (ch-ch=1+1/2 al-al), and the nasofacial canon (al-al=1/4 zy-zy). Results were compared with North American Caucasians published in a previous study. Results: A significant difference was found between genders in the orbital proportion canon, the orbitonasal canon, and the nasofacial and the naso-oral proportion canon. The difference between the 2 races was demonstrated in the orbitonasal proportion canon, the naso-aural inclination canon, and the dominant variation of the nasooral proportion canon. The mean frequency of all valid canons was greater in White Americans than in Greeks but similar among Greek genders. Conclusions: In the majority of Greeks, the neoclassical canons were not valid. In absence of valid proportion indices, this study offers surgeons guidance in assessing facial characteristics of Greek patients in preparation for corrective surgery and evaluation of postoperative results.
Anthropometric study of facial index of medical students
Journal of Kathmandu Medical College
Background: The human facial contour has always been an interesting subject for anatomists, anthropologists, plastic surgeons and artists. The purpose of study was to create and evaluate data on face anthropometry. Objectives: To determine total facial index in medical students and to compare these with the data from other population for use in forensic, archaeological studies, anatomy and plastic surgery. Methods: This is a descriptive study. A total of one hundred and forty medical students, presently studying at Kathmandu Medical College, aged between eighteen and twenty four years were selected as the subjects for the present study. Among the one hundred and forty students, forty four were female and ninety six were male. Two measurements: morphological facial length and bizygomatic breadth were taken by using spreading calibre. Results: The mean morphological facial length was 110.7mm with a standard deviation of 5.98mm in males and 102.1mm in females. Bizygomatic breadth was 130.8 mm in males & 123.5mm in females. The facial index (mean) was 86.09 in males and 84.84 in females. The dominant type of face shape in males was mesoproscopic (48.66%) followed by euriprosopic (23%), leptoprosopic (13.33%), hypereuriprosopic (13%) & hyperleptoprosopic (2%). In females the dominant type of face was also mesoprosopic (37%) followed by hypereuriprosopic (22%), euriprosopic (20.33%), leptoprosopic (19%) and hyperleptoprosopic (1.66%). Conclusion: The dominant phenotype in the studied population was mesoprosopic. The data obtained may be useful in anthropological research, forensic, genetic research, as well as in medical clinical practice.
Anthropometric study of the facial index in the population of central Serbia
Archives of Biological Sciences, 2013
The aim of this study was to determine the craniofacial parameters in the population of the central part of Serbia. The research was conducted on 700 persons (360 males and 340 females), aged 18-65 years, selected randomly. The measured parameters were morphological facial height and breadth. The standard spreading caliper with scale was used for the measurement of facial parameters. There were significant differences in the facial parameters of male compared to female subjects in all observed parameters. The mean value of the morphological facial height in the study population was 116.8 mm ± 7.28, maximum facial breadth 124.12 mm ± 8.44, while the mean value of the total facial index was 93.68 ± 6.86. The total facial index was calculated according to the formula and the obtained results were analyzed statistically using the t-test. The dominant phenotype in the studied population was leptoprosopic. The data obtained in our study may be useful in anthropological research, forensics, genetic research, as well as in medical clinical practice.