Sosyal Adalet ve İnsan Hakları Bağlamında Evrensel Temel Gelir (original) (raw)
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Universal Basic Income as an Instrument of Social Policy - Master's Thesis Abstract
University of Belgrade Faculty of Political Science, 2020
The main objective of the research is the analysis of the universal basic income as an instrument of social policy, a basis of real freedom for all, and a basic human right. The analysis of universal basic income proposals is conducted on the basis of several criteria: (1) interrelationship between universal basic income and the other two models of social protection: public assistance and social insurance; (2) the effects of the UBI on (un)employment and work incentives; (3) possible legitimate ways of financing the universal basic income: (a) through fiscal public revenues like taxes and other charges; (b) through non-fiscal public revenues from public capital funds; (4) the question of the universality of basic income: is it an universal human right of every human being or a right limited to citizens of a country, federal state or province. Unlike two other models of social protection, public assistance and social insurance, universal basic income is not based on charity toward the poor (like public assistance) where “the hand that gives is always above the hand that receives”, or state-supported solidarity among employees and their employers (like social insurance) which is selective and limited to those who are already privileged enough to be employed, but on a human right to dignified life, work, health, well-being and free development of every person, regardless of their work or property status. However, a reform that introduces an universal basic income could either increase or decrease social security and freedom of people in the worst social position. If the introduction of universal basic income implies abolishment of the existing social benefits and services, for the most deprived persons of the community it would be a worse scheme than the existing one. Only in sensible combination with the other universal and conditional components of the social protection system, universal basic income can increase the income and property, powers and prerogatives, and social bases of self-esteem of the people in the worst social position. In its constructive function, universal basic income is a floor beneath the overall income distribution that includes wages and conditional social benefits and services as well as universal health care and universally accessible education. Universal basic income would allow all people to move more freely between more or less paid work, lifelong education and training, and voluntary activities in the community, because they could at any time decide to quit job or shorten working hours, without losing the right to a basic income. The combination of three unconditionalities of the universal basic income – an individual basis, no means-test or work requirement – would eliminate the unemployment trap or exclusion of the poor and marginalized part of the population from working and social life, and the employment trap or exploitation and burnout of people in work. The Finnish national UBI experiment (2017–2018) proved that basic income increases work motivation and overall life satisfaction: the experimental group of unemployed people who received a basic income during the experiment were mentally healthier, felt more self-confident, had less stress and more autonomy in life, did more meaningful work, and had more trust in other people and social institutions compared with the control group. It is a proof that universal basic income is not an instrument of a passive welfare state that would be introduced so that some people would choose to do nothing for the rest of their lives, but an instrument of an active welfare state by which people can freely choose a meaningful way to best contribute to society. American economist and Nobel laureate Herbert Simon estimated that approximately 90 per cent of the salary of an employee in the formal economy is not earned by personal effort, but is a gift from accumulated social wealth to which current employees have contributed nothing. Thus, the introduction of an universal basic income is only a way to distribute a part of that natural, social, cultural and technological heritage of humanity among all members of society. Therefore, a fairly legitimate way of financing the universal basic income is to ensure the property right of every person over an equal part of social wealth that is created due to natural resources and scientific, technological, organizational and cultural achievements of previous generations of mankind. However, in the absence of such public capital fund, the universal basic income would have to be financed by fiscal public revenues. A compromise solution would be a sensible combination of fiscal and non-fiscal public revenues for the financing of basic income. Macro-regional or world basic income is necessary for a fairer distribution of the inherited social wealth of humanity, which is now distributed in extremely unequal proportions between and within states. World or macro-regional basic income is one of the necessary social and economic preconditions for the safe opening of borders between countries at the European and global level. The wider the supranational level at which the universal basic income is introduced, the weaker would be the motivation for selective opportunistic economic migrations which is now significantly boosted by national transfer programs in the affluent countries of the Global North. Moral law is obviously on the side of universal basic income. Just as slavery, racial and gender discrimination have been finally recognized as the intolerable infringements of the basic human rights, so the non-recognition of a right to basic means of subsistence or the conditioning of that right by economic extortion and coercion based on illegitimate ownership and control over the labor and social wealth will finally be recognized as an unbearable violation of a right to dignified life and freedom of every individual and family regardless of their work or property status. Humanity is unstoppably moving towards the realization of that natural right. Universal basic income would only partially restore or compensate people for the enormous social wealth that some individuals and groups illegitimately appropriated for themselves as exclusive private property, while the state confirmed and protected that illegitimate private appropriation with its coercive apparatus and legislation. It is impossible to restore the dignity and freedom of the individual, family and work without reclaiming the natural right to basic means of subsistence. Key words: universal basic income, social policy, social protection, social security, social insurance, public assistance, social model, social state, work incentives, means test, social wealth.
2004
Sometimes the supporters of basic income appeal to “a right to basic income”. When we talk about human rights we have to explain what we mean by that; if we start from some iusnaturalist or positivist case and what are the reasons we use to justify those rights. Van Parijs, in his theory of justice, talks about rights and basic income but he does not explain the way they are linked. In this paper I will try to give a legal view about the possibility to argue for a human right to basic income. With this purpose I will distinguish three very close concepts: rights, duties and guarantees. And I will try to see how basic income fits into these categories. Because if we make a correct legal design of basic income, it will have more opportunities to become a success. 1. From the theory of justice to institutions. When we argue for a concrete theory of justice, the next step is studying the institutional design demanded by that theory. In this point, rights are very relevant because depend...
Welfare State Challenges and the Concept of Basic Income
Economy & Business Journal, 2015
It is commonly believed that welfare state is the concept according to which the country protects its citizens from the life’s risks, such as senility, sickness or unemployment. Its introduction contributed to achieving prosperity by European countries but also, as time went by, to increasing budgetary spending. Due to the accelerating rate of socio-economic changes, the new questions have arisen – first one about the validity of assumptions from the mid-twentieth century and the second – about the effectiveness of the welfare state. On the one hand, there are voices expressing the need for the social system adjustments to the contemporary realities, while on the other hand, the idea of deregulation and complete state’s drawback from the social area is present. This article presents the most important challenges of EU welfare states and new proposal of a change in the ideology of welfare states which is basic income.
Basic Income confronted with some popular ideas of justice
2003
Since the late 1970s, massive and longlasting unemployment is the primary problem for the social-economic policy in welfare states. Especially long spells of unemployment, and the socalled'modern poverty', are not only corrosive for the persons concerned but also for society at large. Governments try to attenuate the consequences of unemployment and poverty by providing social benefits conditionally, and, in so far as in its power, to take employment-promoting measures.
Towards a More Equitable and Just World: A Case for Universal Basic Income
Journal of Development Innovations, 2020
The global economy has created an unprecedented amount of wealth. The top 10% of wealth holders own 82% of global wealth, while the bottom-half account for less than 1%. Such wealth disparity may be attributed to the dominant economic model’s focus on accumulating profit over providing equitable and secure lives for all. This lack of basic income security and extreme poverty is a violation of economic rights of citizens in many countries. The global spree of technical automation further exacerbated this situation through job loss. The provision of universal basic income could possibly serve as a moral and sustainable solution to ensure that no one is denied the basic income requirement for food, shelter and medical care. It is the right political choice for governments and those in authority to ensure that every citizen has the opportunity to live in dignity and economic freedom through progressive realization of basic income security. JEL classification: I31, J08, J38 Keywords: economic insecurity, human rights, economic freedom, universal basic income, safety nets, basic income security, leaving no one behind
Universal Basic Income, and Economic Inequality Affects Societies
Scholarly Journal of Mathematics & Science | Published by: Dama Academic Scholarly & Scientific Research Society, 2020
In recent months, there has been much discussion worldwide about a concept or an idea known as Universal Basic Income or UBI. This term that captures the provision of a basic income to all citizens of a country irrespective of their income or nature of work is thought to be the answer to the increasing concern about automation taking away jobs as well as the solution to the ever-widening inequalities and disparities between the top wealth earners and those at the bottom of the income and wealth pyramid. Indeed, while the concept of a UBI has been around at least in the West since the end of the Second World War and the advent of the Welfare State in Europe, it has gained traction in recent years so much so that countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Finland or the Scandinavian countries have either held referenda to gauge popular support or have already implemented it in some basic form on a trial basis in some cities and towns. Economic growth (or GDP growth) should not be considered the only barometer to gauge the well-being of a state. How much wealth a society generates is no longer the only important parameter. How this wealth is distributed amongst the different strata of the population is also equally important, if not more. The question of distribution of wealth has been present since the time of Adam Smith himself. However, during that time there wasn’t enough data available to understand the magnitude of problems that social inequality causes. The data and tools for analysis have been made available to the economists of late. The results have only affirmed that social equality is a desirable characteristic of an economy. This feature is a fundamental ingredient in creating a society which provides a good standard of living to its individuals.
Six Prime Reasons for an Unconditional Basic Income [published version 1.0]
Crisis and Critique: Philosophical Analysis and Current Events: Contributions of the 42st International Wittgenstein Symposium, 2019, 2019
The global human family is confronted with many and oftentimes quite serious problems of various types: cultural, economic, environmental, legal, political, etc. The general thesis of this paper is that one of the most effective ways to tackle many of these bigger and transnational problems is to introduce an unconditional basic income or UBI for every person around the globe. More specifically, what is discussed in this paper are six prime reasons for a UBI that shed light on its great problem-solving capabilities from various perspectives.
An Argument for the Universal Basic Income
With growing income inequality and struggles to end poverty in the developed world, governments will need to consider new strategies to support their people. The idea of the universal basic income involves providing a minimum income to all citizens of the state, regardless of employment. This solution has had advocates stretching back hundreds of years and may be the solution to growing inequality, the rise of underemployment, and unemployment due to technological advance. This essay develops the history of the basic income, current economic problems, an explanation of a basic income explanation, and experimental evidence dispelling myths about such a system.
A STUDY OF THE UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
International Journal of Management (IJM), 2020
This paper introduces the idea proposed for the Universal Basic Income (UBI) for countries which are at their emerging state. Is it necessary for developing countries to provide for everyone financially? In recent years, this topic has received perceived notions amid growing concerns about COVID-19, and other tragedies including ones related to technology which has led to unemployment in mass. UBI has its supporters just as rivals and each side make them force hypothetical contentions with respect to its usefulness (why UBI will or won't work).