Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces (original) (raw)
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Optimization of Cultural Conditions for the Production of Antibiotic by Streptomyces sp. VRY-1
Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2011
Streptomyces sp. VRY-1 was screened for its bioactive potentials against various pathogenic microorganisms and was found to possess antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (drug resistant strain of bacteria) and various other pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Optimization of cultural conditions for production of antibiotic showed that maximum antibiotic production occurred on 10 th day in stationary cultural, 28Es C, 8.0 pH, liver extract, 1.5%(w/v) glucose. The bioactive compound was found to be soluble in water and ethyl acetate.
Production of Antitumor Antibiotic by Streptomyces Capoamus
Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2012
The present study is concerned with the production of antitumor antibiotic by Streptomyces capoamus in batch fermentation. Antibiotic activity was tested against Bacillus subtilis by cylinder plate method. Different culture media were screened and M3 medium consisting of glucose (10.0 g/L), yeast extract (1.0 g/L), meat extract (4.0 g/L), peptone (4.0 g/L) and NaCl (2.0 g/L) was found to be the best. Optimum temperature, pH and incubation period for the production of antitumor antibiotic were found to be 30 o C, 7.5 and 72 hrs, respectively. 2% maltose as carbon source, 2% corn steep liquor as nitrogen source and 48 hrs old inoculum at a concentration of 8% (v/v) were found to be the best for antitumor antibiotic production by Streptomyces capoamus NRRL B3632.
Streptomycetes: Characteristics and Their Antimicrobial Activities
The Streptomycetes are gram positive bacteria with a filamentous form that present in a wide variety of soil including composts, water and plants. The most characteristic of Streptomycetes is the ability to produce secondary metabolites such as antibiotics. They produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin (e.g., neomycin and chloramphenicol. Another characteristic of Streptomycetes is making of an extensive branching substrate and aerial mycelium.Carbon and nitrogen sources, oxygen, pH, temperature, ions and some precursors can affect production of antibiotics. This review also addresses the different methods to study the antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces sp. Because of increasing microbial resistance to general antibiotics and inability to control infectious disease has given an impetus for continuous search of novel antibiotics all the word.
Role of bacteria and fungi in antibiotic production
2021
Many microbes, or microorganisms, are known to produce a wide variety of antibiotics that are produced and used to fight disease and life-threatening illnesses. Antibiotics are produced by many small groups such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes as their immune system against other viruses that live near them. Improving the yield of antimicrobials in the industry has been achieved through the use of technologies and traditional programs to make a variety of varieties based on random mutation and testing. The development of DNA fusion techniques and their use in antibiotic-producing microorganisms has allowed for increased production and biosynthetic processes that create new antibiotics. In this review article, we will focus on how different types of bacteria and fungi help in producing different types of antibiotics.
Microbial Production of Antimicrobial Agents
2019
In a trial to search for a new antibiotic producer a terrestrial actinomycete was isolated from AL-alameen soil which proved to be a potential candidate for the production of active metabolites against E. coli 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus 25923. It was identified phenotypicallyas Streptomyces sp. The optimum activity was obtained when the organism was grown on glycerol as a sole carbon source at 30°C and pH 7.0 for 192 h. The highest metabolic activity noticed intracellulary and it was approved with MIC values. In a trial to test the combined activity of the extract and some antibiotics; synergistic action was noticed with ceftriaxone. Further investigations were applied to the extract for its active components using TLC and GC-MS which indicated that Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and 2,4-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)- Phenol were the potent active components. Toxicity test was evaluated for the active components as well as the crude extract.
Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen sources on the antibiotic production by local isolate of Streptomyce s sp.Zl, 2008
The genus Streptomyces consists of sporulating Gram-positivesoil bacteria with a mycelia growth habit, and a life cycle with complex morphological and physiological differentiation, also piodu.., antibiotics which are the secondary metabolite. The objective of the present study is to study of an ability of a local isolate of Streptomyces Zl to produce antibacterial substance, and effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on antibacterial production. Results in present study showed that Streptomyces Zl have ability to produce antimicrobial agent against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Pseudcimonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus nrbtilis which indicated by diameter of inhibition zone that reached tol6.0, 19.3, 18.1,25.0, g.z, 11.2, l2.o mm, respectively, iesults in this study showed that antimicrobial agent produced by Streptomyces Zl lvas more effective against gram negative organisms rather tlian gram positive. Production of antibiotics from microorganisms varies with the constituents of the media. In present study we have investigated the influence of medium constituents such as carbon and nitrogen soui.., on
Physiology and genetics of antibiotic production and resistance
Research in Microbiology, 1993
Actinomycetes have the genetic capability to synthesize many different biologically active secondary metabolites and of these compounds, antibiotics predominate in therapoutic and commercial importance. Intensive research often centres on the use of molecular techniques to investigate the physiology and genetics of antibiotic biosynthesis with a view to improving production. The isolation of clones of Streptomyces hygroscopicus, the producer of geldanamycin, which synthesizes geldanamycin in $. lividans, is reported. Molecular approaches using genes for elongation factors (tuf) were used in attempts to increase the fermentation yield of kirromycin, whilst probes for aphD and sph, genes for streptomycin phosphotransferases, were used to gather info,.'mation on streptomycin genes in soil. Actinomycete populations in soil and earthworms may help in developing a strategy for discovering additional antimicrobials in soil. The relationship of proline metabolism to the secondary metabolite undecylprodigiosin and the carbon regulation of spiramycin biosynthesis in S. ambofaciens is also reported.
The Antibacterial Activities of Secondary Metabolites Derived from Streptomyces sp
Progress in Microbes and Molecular Biology, 2022
The spreading of infectious diseases caused by the emergence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) pathogens is a global threat that has led to numerous deaths annually. In view of this, there is an overwhelming need to discover new bioactive compounds with effective antimicrobial properties. Concurrently, the genus Streptomyces has a growing reputation as a potential biological source of various antibiotics and other bioactive metabolites. Streptomyces sp. has been isolated from different sources, including terrestrial and marine habitats with a myriad of promising compounds that could be used to treat MDR pathogens. Therefore, this study presents a systematic review of the antibacterial activities of Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and checklist were employed in this study to collect relevant articles from two research databases, namely PubMed and Science Direct. The selection process includes identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion of articles. Several keywords and criteria were established for the screening and selection process. Based on the results, a total of 26 articles were selected from 70 potential articles. The articles were published between 2015 and 2020 with most studies being published in 2020, indicating an increased interest in Streptomyces and its derived compounds. Approximately 51 different Streptomyces-derived compounds have been identified, ranging from crude extracts, pure PMMB 2022, 5, 1; a0000281 2 of 25 compounds, and partially purified compounds. Various parameters were also used to assess their antibacterial activities, particularly the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (69%) and the zone of inhibition (11%). Moreover, the antibacterial activities of these compounds were effective on numerous gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, 46% and 54% of the selected studies were focused on inhibiting MDR and non-MDR pathogens, respectively. In conclusion, both crude and purified compounds from Streptomyces sp. exhibited strong antibacterial effects. It is expected that extensive future research would develop a standard method to compare the antibacterial strength of each extracted compound from Streptomyces sp. and determine the most effective bioactive compounds to treat diseases caused by MDR pathogens.
Streptomyces Secondary Metabolites
Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria, 2018
Actinobacteria are found spread widely in nature and particular attention is given to their role in the production of various bioactive secondary metabolites. Tests on soil samples show that there can be a diversity of actinomycetes depending on the climate, the area it is growing in, how dry the soil is, and the quality of the soil. However, it was agreed after tests in Yunnan, China, that the genus Streptomyces sp. is most important in ecological function, representing up to 90% of all soil actinomycetes, and therefore helping to show the important characteristics needed of the soil actinomycete population. Streptomycete compounds are used for other biological activities, not just for antibiotics. It has been found that metabolites can be broadly divided into four classes: (1) regulatory activities in compounds, these include consideration of growth factors, morphogenic agents and siderophores, and plants promoting rhizobia; (2) antagonistic agents, these include antiprotozoans, antibacterials, antifungals, as well as antivirals; (3) agrobiologicals, these include insecticides, pesticides, and herbicides; and (4) pharmacological agents, these include neurological agents, immunomodulators, antitumorals, and enzyme inhibitors. It is found that Streptomyces hygroscopicus is one of the very best examples because it secretes in excess of 180 secondary metabolites to locate simultaneous bioactivities for a given compound. Increasingly, both its agricultural and pharmacological screenings are being used in conjunction with antimicrobial tests and have revealed several unusual aerobiological and therapeutic agents, which were hitherto unknown for biological use as antibiotics. Since streptomycetes are now being used increasingly to screen for antimicrobial activity, reports show the existence of secondary metabolites with other activities that may have been missed. Currently, nearly 17% of biologically active secondary metabolites (nearly 7600 out of 43,000) are known from streptomycetes. It has been found that soil streptomycetes are the main source used by bioactive secondary metabolites. However, recently there have been many and varied types of structurally unique and biologically active secondary metabolites found and obtained from marine actinomycetes, including those from the genus Streptomyces. Also, compounds that are synthesized by streptomycetes exhibit extreme chemical diversity. Diverse form made from from simple amino acid