RAPD based estimation of genetic diversity in walnut genotypes growing in Malakund division, Pakistan (original) (raw)
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Agrotechnology
Walnut (Juglans regia) is one of the most essential nutritive and economic nut crops. Genetic diversity analysis of 96 walnut genotypes from Kashmir was done using 13 RAPD and 19 ISSR markers. RAPD diversity analysis revealed 27.78% polymorphism while as ISSR analysis showed 93.05% of polymorphic bands. Jaccards similarity coefficient ranged from 0.78 to 1 with an average of 0.91 for RAPD and 0.22 to 0.85 with an average of 0.58 for ISSR markers and 0.59 to 0.92 with an average of 0.74 for combined data. Cluster analysis using UPGMA by RAPD and ISSR markers obviously revealed distinct diversity between genotypes. The dendrogram constructed from the combination of RAPD and ISSR markers categorized the 96 genotypes into one major cluster and five minor clusters. Effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (H) and Shannon's Information index (I) of 96 samples were 1.12, 0.08 and 0.12 respectively for RAPD data and 1.48, 0.29 and 0.44 for ISSR data respectively. Positive correlation (r=0.11) was observed between RAPD and ISSR markers using the Mantel test and thus supporting the validity of the dendrogram. The high number of alleles and a broad range of genetic diversity were observed among all the genotypes, accounting them as potential candidates for selective breeding for particular traits and expanding the genetic base. Based on our results, RAPD and ISSR analysis can be used for the characterization and categorizing of walnut genotypes and indicate that Jammu and Kashmir has a significant genetic diversity pool and rich genetic variance of walnuts.
2012
In this study, the genetic relatedness of 82 walnut genotypes adapted to the North Western Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir, India was analyzed by combination of 13 SSR and 20 RAPD primers. A high level of genetic diversity was observed within populations with the number of alleles per locus ranging from one to five in case of SSR primers and two to six in case of RAPD primers, the proportion of polymorphic loci was 100 %, and similarity ranged from 12 % to 79 % with an average of 49 %. Dendrogram showed that all the accessions formed four main clusters with various degree of subclustering within the clusters. These results have implications for walnut breeding and conservation.
Estimation of genetic diversity in walnut
Pak. J. Bot, 2010
Juglans regia L. belonging to the family Juglandaceae inhabits the northern parts of Pakistan. Biochemical analysis of the plant is not well documented in the country. Present research was the first documented attempt to study total seed storage proteins in 20 genotypes of Juglans regia collected from Swat, Dir and Chitral areas. A protocol was optimized for extraction and separation of seed storage protein from unprocessed seeds. Comparatively simple banding pattern (as compared to legumes and cereals) was observed in Juglans regia L. A total of 114 protein loci were detected in 20 genotypes giving an average of approximately 7 alleles per genotype. Genetic distances estimated during present study range from "0" to "60". Medium values of Genetic Distances (GD max = 60%) was estimated among three comparisons. Twenty genotypes were grouped in three clusters based on dendrogram analysis. Genotypes collected from Chitral valley were predominantly grouped in one cluster.
Journal of Crop production and processing, 2016
Genetic resources are the most valuable national treasure of countries, being vital to identify, conserve and use them. The Persian Walnut (Juglans regiaL.), a diploid species native to the mountainous regions of Central Asia, is the major walnut species cultivated for nut production and one of the most widespread tree nut species in the world. This research was conducted in Meshkinshahr in Ardabil Province. In this study, to determine the level of genetic diversity, a total of 31 walnut genotypes were analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats(ISSR) markers. Genotypes were evaluated using 10 ISSR markers and a total of 26 polymorphic alleles were identified.The average of the observed alleles was equal to 7 in each locus. The lowest and highest RP valueswere found ISSR5and ISSR9, respectivly.Cluster analysis based on Jacard similarity coefficient matrix using WARD method classified the genotypes into three main groups.The highest genetic distance was found between genotypes AK4 and RM2, and the lowest was among genotypes MZ4 and ES1.Both clustering and PCA divide genotypes with similar geographic origins.
Walnut is one of the most important nutritive nut crops and widely grown in Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. In the present study 19 local landraces were analyzed for morphological traits to investigate genetic diversity and identify promising landraces for cultivar development. Multivariate analyses showed high variation for morphological traits and nut and kernel characteristics. Cluster analyses depicted diversity among the local land races which separated them into 2 major clusters groups, showing more association to morphological differences. PCA revealed that the 1 st four principal components (PC's) possessed Eigen value >1.0, where PC1 and PC2 contributed total variance of 41.65% and 23.42% respectively with total variance (65.05%) showing maximum factor loadings by kernel ratio, shell%, kernel yield and nut width by the first two PC's. Pearson correlation coefficient among walnut landraces revealed positively significant correlation between shell yield and nut weight(r=0.96), kernel yield and nut width(r=0.85), whereas negative correlation were observed (r =-0.89 and r =-0.76) between kernel ratio with shell yield and nut weight respectively. A wide range of diversity was observed among the local landraces from Karakoram regions and the landrace HKK and GNAG were reported as promising one with highest kernel ratio. These landraces are potential for future breeding of nut crops with distinct morphological traits.
Plants
Persian (Common) walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a famous fruit tree species valued for its nutritious nuts and high-quality wood. Although walnut is widely distributed and plays an important role in the economy and culture of Pakistan, the genetic diversity and structure of its populations in the country remains poorly understood. Therefore, using 31 nuclear microsatellites, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 12 walnut populations sampled across Pakistan. We also implemented the geostatistical IDW technique in ArcGIS to reveal “hotspots” of genetic diversity. Generally, the studied populations registered relatively low indices of genetic diversity (NA = 3.839, HO = 0.558, UHE = 0.580), and eight populations had positive inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values. Low among-population differentiation was indicated by AMOVA, pairwise FST and DC. STRUCTURE, PCoA and neighbor joining (NJ) analysis revealed a general lack of clear clustering in the populations except th...
ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016
In this study, the genetic relatedness of five walnut populations in five different locations: Bedohe (Kanimase), kanizarke (Akre), kuzo (Zawita) , Kashane (Batifa) and Sharaneshe (Darkare) in Duhok Governorate-Kurdistan region/Iraq was analyzed using fifteen AFLP primers pairs. Similarity matrices were obtained based on the AFLP data to analyze genetic distance. Genetic diversity coefficient ranged from 0.1075 to 0.2540. The lowest genetic similarity was detected between sharansh and Akri (0.1075). The kanemas and Akri populations were most similar ones with coefficient of 0.2540. Clustering based on AFLP data for the five walnuts populations was identified at the 0.21 similarity level and two main clusters were identified, Cluster one included three populations: Akri, sharansh and bedoh; cluster two was composed of two populations: kanemas and Kuzo. Total generated bands screened from 15 primers were 517 bands for the five walnut populations with an average of 34.46 per primer, which 294 were polymorphic bands with an average of 19.6 polymorphic loci per primer.
Bangladesh Journal of Botany
screening of 25 SSR markers, revealed 23 clear and consistent amplification profiles in the entire walnut germplasm set. A total of 54 alleles were amplified by SSR primers and the number of alleles range from 2 to 3. The PIC value ranged from 0.36 to 0.68. The dendrogram classified all genotypes into two main clusters with various degrees of subclustering. Estimated genetic dissimilarity coefficient ranged from 0.36 to 0.85. Through model-based cluster analysis all genotypes were grouped into 5 genetically distinct subpopulations. The expected heterozygosity at a given locus was found to range from 0.520 to 0.5477. Similarly, population differentiation measurements (Fst) ranged from 0.2286 to 0.2909. These findings would be helpful for decision making in future walnut breeding studies, germplasm management activities to maximize genetic diversity in walnut germplasm and may also prove useful in future for conducting association mapping in walnut for different traits.
Genetic Characterization of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
Walnut germplasm accessions representing exotic and indigenous collections, from walnut orchards of University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Himachal Pradesh, India, were used in the present investigations. A total of seven exotic and eight indigenous accessions were evaluated for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variations. 21 primers out of total 36 decamerous primers generated 190 bands, out of which 157 showed polymorphism on the agarose gel, reflecting a high level of genetic diversity within the germplasms. Pairwise distances, calculated using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity, clustered indigenous and exotic accessions into separate groups except for one accession 'Blackmore' which, although exotic, was placed in a cluster of predominantly indigenous accessions. The clustering based on RAPD markers agreed to large extent with the geographical origin of the studied walnut germplasm accessions.
The walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most important temperate nut crops grown in India. The present investigation was conducted to study the variations available in the walnut population found in the Kodaikanal hills of Tamil Nadu. Twelve selected walnut genotypes of seedling origin were evaluated for their phenological and pomological characters. The results revealed that among the genotypes, two of them (JR-7 and JR-11) were early in the first leafing (2 nd-3 rd April). Genotypes JR-1, JR-3, JR-7, JR-8 and JR-12 were earlier in harvesting (15 th-20 th October) than the other genotypes. High variation for nut and kernel characteristics was also observed among the genotypes evaluated. Genotypes, JR-5, JR-7, and JR-8 were identified as promising as they recorded higher kernel weight (6.00 g), nut weight (12.00 g) and kernel per cent (48%) than other genotypes. Diversity analysis (Mahalanobis D 2 statistics method) resulted in a total of five clusters from the 12 walnut genotypes using 10 biometrical traits. More number of walnut genotypes were accommodated in cluster IV and cluster V with three genotypes each whereas cluster I, cluster II and cluster III comprised of two walnut genotypes each. Intra and inter cluster distance of five clusters was assessed and it varied from 1.29 to 10.82 and 7.66 to 21.36. Maximum intra cluster distance was recorded by cluster V (10.82) followed by cluster IV (3.14). Inter cluster distance was high between cluster III and cluster IV (21.36) followed by cluster IV and cluster V (20.55). Principal component analysis of 12 walnut genotypes with 10 quantitative traits resulted in the formation of three principal components viz. PC I, PC II and PC III with eigenvalues of 4.06, 1.84 and 1.44, respectively. These superior genotypes could be used for cultivation or as parents in future breeding programmes.