Therapeutic Targets of Monoclonal Antibodies Used in the Treatment of Cancer: Current and Emerging (original) (raw)
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Therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies in cancer: advances and challenges
British Medical Bulletin, 2012
Introduction: Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based products are highly specific for a particular antigen. This characteristic feature of the molecules makes them an ideal tool for many applications including cancer diagnosis and therapy. Sources of data: We performed comprehensive searches of PubMed, Medline and the Food and Drug Administration website using keywords such as 'therapeutic antibodies' and 'anti-cancer antibodies'. Areas of agreement: Treatment of cancer patients with antibodies when used alone or in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or conjugated to drugs or radioisotopes, prolongs overall survival in cancer patients. Currently, there are 14 mAb-based drugs that have been approved for the treatment of cancer patients. Areas of controversy: The response of cancer patients to antibody therapy can be of short duration. Therapeutic antibodies are expensive and may have side effects. There are no reliable predictive biomarkers for sensitivity or resistance to certain therapeutic antibodies. Future focus: There should be additional studies to discover novel therapeutic targets, to develop more effective antibody-based drugs with fewer side effects, to identify more reliable predictive biomarker(s) for response to therapy with antibody-based drugs and to develop alternative strategies (e.g. transgenic plants, transgenic farm animals) for production of large quantities and more affordable batches of therapeutic antibodies. Areas timely for developing research: A better understanding of cancer biology, the hallmarks of human cancers and the immune system would lead to identification of additional cell surface biomarkers. These in turn would facilitate the development of novel and biosimilar antibody-based drugs and their routine use as 'magic bullets' for the targeted therapy of human cancers.
Monoclonal Antibody in Quest of Cancer Therapeutics
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been an essential part of cancer therapy and one of the most vital approaches for current cancer treatment. These essential immune molecules function through on-target antigen specificity, complement or antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, structural and physiological modifications in host immune system towards the malignant cells and their effective removal from the human patients. The mAbs are of great scientific and practical significance being homogeneous and monospecific. Currently, more than 20 recombinant antibody drugs based on immune checkpoint antagonists, bi-specific antibody, and antibody drug conjugates have been approved for the successful cancer or malignant tumor treatment. The current study will help to understand the significance of mAbs and cytotoxic drugs against cancer or tumor related malignancies and to build better therapeutic strategies.
Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Successes and Limitations
The West Indian medical journal, 2014
Rituximab was the first chemotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (CmAb) approved for clinical use in cancer therapeutics in 1997 and has significantly improved the clinical outcomes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Since then, numerous CmAbs have been developed and approved for the treatment of various haematologic and solid human cancers. In this review, the classification, efficacy and significantly reduced toxicity of CmAbs available for use in the United States of America are presented. Finally, the limitations of CmAbs and future considerations are explored.
Trial Watch: Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy
OncoImmunology, 2012
During the past 20 years, dozens-if not hundreds-of monoclonal antibodies have been developed and characterized for their capacity to mediate antineoplastic effects, either as they activate/enhance tumor-specific immune responses, either as they interrupt cancer cell-intrinsic signal transduction cascades, either as they specifically delivery toxins to malignant cells or as they block the tumor-stroma interaction. Such an intense research effort has lead to the approval by FDA of no less than 14 distinct molecules for use in humans affected by hematological or solid malignancies. In the inaugural issue of OncoImmunology, we briefly described the scientific rationale behind the use of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy and discussed recent, ongoing clinical studies investigating the safety and efficacy of this approach in patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of clinical research, focusing on high impact studies that have been published during the last 15 months and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the therapeutic profile of promising, yet hitherto investigational, monoclonal antibodies.
Trial Watch: Tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy
Oncoimmunology, 2014
In 1997, for the first time in history, a monoclonal antibody (mAb), i.e., the chimeric anti-CD20 molecule rituximab, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer patients. Since then, the panel of mAbs that are approved by international regulatory agencies for the treatment of hematopoietic and solid malignancies has not stopped to expand, nowadays encompassing a stunning amount of 15 distinct molecules. This therapeutic armamentarium includes mAbs that target tumor-associated antigens, as well as molecules that interfere with tumor-stroma interactions or exert direct immunostimulatory effects. These three classes of mAbs exert antineoplastic activity via distinct mechanisms, which may or may not involve immune effectors other than the mAbs themselves. In previous issues of OncoImmunology, we provided a brief scientific background to the use of mAbs, all types confounded, in cancer therapy, and discussed the results of recent clinical trials investigating t...
Monoclonal antibodies and therapy of human cancers
Biotechnology Advances, 2000
This survey is an overview of the applications of murine, humanized and recombinant monoclonal antibodies for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been applied to the diagnosis and therapy of an array of human diseases. The initial failures of early clinical trials have been overcome through the production of a new generation of mAb which features reduced immunogenicity and improved targeting abilities. The early models of mAb therapy were focused on enhancing the cytolytic mechanisms against the tumor cells. More recently, successful mAb-based therapies were targeted to molecules involved in the regulation of growth of cancer cells. This has highlighted the relevance of understanding receptor-mediated signaling events, and may provide new opportunities for anti-tumor antibody targeting. Despite all the difficulties, clinical data is outlining an increasingly significant role for antibody-mediated cancer therapy as a versatile and powerful instrument in cancer treatment. One reasonable expectation is that treatment at an earlier stage in the disease process or in minimal residual disease may be more advantageous.
Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) Approved for Cancer Treatment in the 2020s
Trends in Medical Sciences, 2021
Monoclonal antibodies are one of the most eminent types of immunotherapeutics that have taken over the biopharmaceutical market because they are approved for a wide range of cancers, either blood-based malignancies or solid tumors, and also non-cancer indications, from migraine to viral infections. Due to their wide applicability as immunotherapeutics, countless biopharmaceutical companies try to be in the competition by developing monoclonal antibodies and advancing into clinical trials with them. Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibodies, the speed of their discovery and approval for medical use have been rather incremental, so that the progress of this market has been anticipated to increase in the current decade. Herein, we take a look at some of the monoclonal antibodies, which have been approved for clinical use in the current decade, so far. Moreover, we underline the encouraging results from the clinical trials that led to the approval of these immunotherapeutics.
Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2013
The better understanding of the mechanism in which the immune system responds to the developing cancer provided the outcome in a new era in cancer immunotherapy. The tumor suppressive effect on the immune system is caused by negative T cell receptor signaling that abrogate immunity against the cancer cells. Novel monoclonal antibodies that target co-inhibitory receptors on T cells block the tumor induced inhibition of the immune system and enable the immune system to eradicate the tumors. The development of such antibodies started twenty years ago by the preparation of a monoclonal antibody termed BAT. A single administration of the antibody to tumor bearing mice resulted in striking anti tumor activity that was mediated by the lymphocytes. These studies provided a basis for the new era of cancer immunotherapy. The present review summarizes twenty years to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies harnessing the immune system to eradicate tumors.