ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations (original) (raw)
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REVIEW ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations Open Access
2013
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN me...
ISSN Exercise & Sport Nutrition Review: Research & Recommendations
Journal of The International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2004
Sport nutrition is a constantly evolving field with literally thousands of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training through nutrition. More specifically, this article discusses: 1.) how to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 2.) general nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 3.) our current understanding of the available science behind weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement supplements. Our hope is that ISSN members find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
R ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2018
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words 'sport nutrition'. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation ...
For those who get exercise regularly, there are various strategies that can be followed in order to improve their performance. Examples include increasing their training time or their training load, finding a good professional to coach them, investment in good professional sports equipment, or join a good team of known reputation. However, at the highest levels of athletic competition, there are fewer options available. All the competitors are usually training to their maximal levels and so the margin between losing or winning is often extremely small (Maughan, 2002). Therefore, it seems logical that athletes and their coaches are looking for other ways to improve their performance. One of these ways is to exploit the power of sports nutrition by maximising the potential it offers, by seeking professional nutritional advice. This nutritional advice will include the type and quality of their meals but also the supplements that can be taken along with or between their basic meals. The latter can range from the daily multivitamin tablet to the long list of “cure-all miracles” found in health food stores. The most sought-after supplements are those that claim to be ergogenic, i.e. performance enhancing or work producing. In general, ergogenic aids are those that can improve athletic performance by increasing work capacity. Nevertheless, supplements aiming to maintain well-being, and increase resilience, for example to infections, also have a beneficial effect on an athlete and could be helpful. The problem is, however, that although the use of supplements is so common among athletes, only few of them have been comprehensively evaluated and most are poorly researched. Although the scientific value of dietary manipulation for athletic performance has been studied extensively, the popularity and use of ergogenic aids have preceded scientific substantiation of claims (Slavin, 2003). Therefore to give nutritional advice to a highly competitive sportsman is definitely not a simple task. More to this point, a discussion on the nutritional needs of athletes is complicated further by the wide range of sports and the corresponding athletic types these sports require. Athletic pursuits include a range of activities from short bursts of speed to high endurance events that include days of uninterrupted exercise. Adding to the complexity are differences in nutrient needs related to age, gender and environmental conditions (Slavin, 2003). The field of nutrition, and especially sports nutrition, is a dynamic one. As already mentioned, both the recreational athlete as well as the professional athlete will seek nutritional advice from a sports dietician or an exercise physiologist, a coach or a doctor, for example, in order to maximise his/ her potential, achieve higher goals or excel in his/ her preferred sport. Nowadays the competition among athletes has obviously grown bigger than in the past because a minute difference in athletic performance, for example, a difference of even fractions of seconds in distance runners, can be crucial in winning a medal or breaking a record. Even if someone is just exercising in their spare time, it is to their own benefit to stay as well informed as possible about the latest discoveries in sports nutrition and science so that they maximise their performance. Therefore there is constantly a growing interest in applied sports nutrition. Sports nutrition is a multi-disciplinary field, requiring knowledge of several different sciences, such as Biochemistry, Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Psychology. It is also relatively new, in the sense that it is evolving rapidly from the classic nutritional approaches of the past. That’s why it can be controversial at times, since not everyone is equally well informed about the latest publications and findings (Kalman & Campbell, 2004). One such controversial issue regarding sports nutrition that has gained much interest is the timing of administration of the various meals, supplements or drinks. A large number of scientific studies have examined the effects of supplements used by athletes, however comparatively little attention has been given to the patterns of supplement or meals consumption. The answers depend on the nutrient content of foods under question and most times they are not straightforward. They also depend on the type and nature of the physical exercise required for a particular sport, for example resistance training versus endurance training. It is important to note that since the answers to these questions are crucial as far as athletic performance is concerned, there is extensive ongoing research about these issues. The current thesis will attempt to critically review these issues. It has been shown that the quantity and frequency of dietary supplementation is higher among elite than non-elite athletes, making the former vulnerable to the uncontrolled use of dietary supplements, including some that have dubious effects on physical performance. Since these athletes are also role models, the excessive use of dietary supplements could be considered a serious health concern (Schroder et al., 2002). At all times, and no matter what the different findings and approaches are, it should be remembered that sports nutrition must aim to optimise the personal abilities of each athlete as well as to maximise their potential, whilst safeguarding and maintaining their good health. It is true that, in order for someone to become a champion, extreme practices often have to be followed. Sports nutrition, however, should always aim to keep the balance by promoting healthy choices as far as eating habits and preferences are concerned.
Sports Nutrition: What the Future may Bring
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2004
The field of sports nutrition is a dynamic one. Core competencies in exercise physiology, psychology, integrated metabolism and biochemistry are the initial parameters for a successful career in sports nutrition. In addition to the academic fundamentals, it is imperative that the sports nutritionist understand the sport in which our client participates. This sport specific understanding should manifest itself in fuel utilization, mechanics of movement, as well as psychological processes that motivate the participant to perform optimally. Sports nutrition as a field has grown substantially over the past 50 years, from glycogen loading to today's scientifically validated ergogenic aids. The last ten years has seen the largest advancement of sports nutrition, with the following areas driving much of the research: the effects of exercise on protein utilization, meal timing to maximize the anabolic response, the potential for ribose to benefit those engaged in high-energy repetitive sports, and creatine and its uses within athletics and medicine. The future of sports nutrition will dictate that we 1) collectively strive for a higher standard of care and education for counseling athletes and 2) integrate different disciplines. We are in an era of unprecedented growth and the new knowledge is constantly evolving. The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) will contribute to this exciting field in many ways, and we ask for your contribution by sharing your passion, stories, research, and life experiences with us.
Role of dietary supplements and ergogenic aids in sports nutrition
Approximately 85% of athletes use dietary supplements as part of their strenuous routine. These dietary supplements commonly used include vitamins, minerals, protein, creatine, and a number of ''ergogenic'' compounds. Besides the different types of food eaten by athletes to maintain the ability for continuous rigorous training and exercise without crumbling to chronic fatigue, injury, and illness, the timing and quantity of food intake are also crucial to have specific health benefits (1). The recovery mechanism during performance sports assures for trophic regeneration, refurbishing the homeostasis (balance) of the internal environment as well as the functional systems before effort and even brings them to an optimal state (2). A common belief amongst most of the athletes is that a normal diet will not be adequate for best performance and dietary supplements can help in gaining competitive edge during exhaustive exercises (1). The use of pharmacotherapies like anabolic steroids and amphetamines in the past led to the development of anti-doping regulations and protocols to help discourage their use. Therefore, sports supplements gained interest by athletes, which they assume to be effective, safe and legal (3).
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011
Competitive athletes completed two studies of 2-h steady-state (SS) cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake followed by 7 kJ/kg time trial (TT) with carbohydrate (CHO) intake before (2 g/kg) and during (6% CHO drink) exercise. In Study A, 12 subjects received either 6 mg/kg caffeine 1 h preexercise (Precaf), 6 ϫ 1 mg/kg caffeine every 20 min throughout SS (Durcaf), 2 ϫ 5 ml/kg Coca-Cola between 100 and 120 min SS and during TT (Coke), or placebo. Improvements in TT were as follows: Precaf, 3.4% (0.2-6.5%, 95% confidence interval); Durcaf, 3.1% (Ϫ0.1-6.5%); and Coke, 3.1% (Ϫ0.2-6.2%). In Study B, eight subjects received 3 ϫ 5 ml/kg of different cola drinks during the last 40 min of SS and TT: decaffeinated, 6% CHO (control); caffeinated, 6% CHO; decaffeinated, 11% CHO; and caffeinated, 11% CHO (Coke). Coke enhanced TT by 3.3% (0.8-5.9%), with all trials showing 2.2% TT enhancement (0.5-3.8%; P Ͻ 0.05) due to caffeine. Overall, 1) 6 mg/kg caffeine enhanced TT performance independent of timing of intake and 2) replacing sports drink with Coca-Cola during the latter stages of exercise was equally effective in enhancing endurance performance, primarily due to low intake of caffeine (ϳ1.5 mg/kg).