Amazonian Nature Reserves: An Analysis of the Defensibility Status of Existing Conservation Units and Design Criteria for the Future (original) (raw)
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ABSTRACT The National Natural Parks (PNN) have been promoted by a socio-environmental movement that in simple terms is called “Conservation”, whose legitimacy has been reinforced in the last few decades by the academic discipline known as Biology of Conservation. For this novel field of knowledge, biodiversity is one of its keys and reinforces conservation with scientific visions. Under these conditions, the objections usually stem from the natural enemies of the conservation of biodiversity: the friends of economic development. However, their rationale is unlikely to be questioned from other fronts. Different factors (e.g. new fields of academic work such as environmental history, critical studies of the territory and conflicts of local populations with environmental authorities), allow the defiance of the common sense of a broad public reinforced by biologists, ecologists and other scientists. Based on bibliographic information and observations derived from a permanent presence of authors in the region, this article analyzes, from a global context, the origins of the establishment of National Natural Parks in the Colombian Amazon region, where evident or latent social conflicts have been taking place since their creation. A review of the historical background of the territorial figure of Parks that, since its inception in the United States, “invented” a type of wild or “pristine” nature (wilderness) that was later associated with the idea of nation building. The formulation of a noble idea, as is often said about natural parks in the United States, was later implemented in Colombia and later still in the Amazon region. However, its rootedness is controversial because it occurs in a setting in which local populations, with important ethnic components, do not fit into the stereotype encapsulated in the idea of “wilderness”. This article is a critical reflection about the challenges that arise when trying to harmonize the pretensions of conservation with the autonomous sociopolitical and territorial organizational modes of the local inhabitants, which should lead to consolidate a different type of appropriation of the Amazon.
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