Depictions of the History of the Ancient Hungarian Cemetery of Tiszacsoma in Scientific and Journalistic Works of Transcarpathia (original) (raw)
SAUS, 2024
The paper discusses the religious interpretation of the tombs in Mogilanska tumulus in Vratsa in the context of similar examples from Thracian lands, the archaeological study of which did not reveal preserved structures, as they were not sustainably built. “Pseudo-tombs” or “primitive”, as some of them were called, they raise interesting questions about the study of the Thracian society and burial practices. Three tombs share an embankment, which has changed with each subsequent construction. These were built consecutively over time (figs. 1 and 2), starting with Tomb No. 1 around the middle of the 4th century BC, followed by the other two. It was probably a family burial place used by three generations of a wealthy and powerful dynasty, judging by the burial gifts and hereditary power, which was legitimised by a stable grave topos – a royal heroon perhaps? The tombs share a construction of roughly hammered or natural stones joined either by clay or on dry masonry. It was reinforced with a wooden structure, which was probably used as an interior casing covered with stones. The building methods follow those of the housing construction. This feature highlights a local tradition of a very common and conservative craft of centuries-old skills, and therefore limited in design, structure, and materials. The interpretation of the primitive constructions would be set in the context of a building tradition and the skills of the craftsmen (I), as well as in relation to the wealth of the customers (II). However, having in mind the prestigious gifts in these burials it seems inconceivable to claim a lack of financial resources, which would allow the heirs to provide first-class craftsmen for the burial construction. The North-western Thrace was not detached from the exchange of goods and gifts, although imports form a relatively small amount and regular trade contacts were limited, at least according to transport amphorae circulation, which would suggest a much more traditional society. That is why the tombs were built by local craftsmen – builders of houses. This is not only because no others were available, but because the participants in the rituals would hardly trust hired workers from distant lands (architects and stonemasons, artists) to prepare the transition to beyond (?). The question of the construction’s durability did not affect the customs of its contemporaries, since it was closed and covered with earth after the burial. Its real condition is understood only in archaeological research today. The logical assumption that such unstable structures mark an early stage in the development of the idea, is unfounded considering the chronology of these monuments – they were nearly synchronous with the monumental, sustainably built tombs, sometimes even within the same necropolis. And what we miss in this case is that at the time of the burial the tomb fulfilled the requirements for an under-mound space intended to shelter the remains and serve as the home/ sanctuary of the heroise dead, at least for the time of rituals before it was hidden under the embankment. A different picture emerges in the areas surrounding urban centers due to their busy trade with the Hellenistic world. The Thracian elite there adopted quickly the “fashion” of ostentatious behavior, when wealth was demonstrated in lavish funeral processions with luxury gifts, and especially in the eternal homes built by expensively paid artisans from the Hellenic world. Thus, the primitive burial constructions in an “urban” area suggest rather financial reasons for their owners, probably a manifestation of a lower social status, also perceptible in burial gifts. Despite all the precision of constructions and perfection of architectural forms and painted interiors, all these features could be interpreted as an additional implication, rather than an essential element in the funeral ritual. Thus, I would interpret these primitive tomb constructions only as a manifestation of ritual regulations, modest in outlook, as it was a product for commoners, not tempted by the luxury of imported ideas and goods. The ritual could be traced in the arrangement of space in tombs, all very similar in plan. The dead were laid in the burial chambers not interred in the ground, similarly to the sepulchre itself, which was built on the ground level beneath the embankment. This could be interpreted, I think, as an expression of specific Thracian eschatological ideas about the psychosomatic immortality preached by Zalmoxis. It seems that the Early Hellenistic tombs recreate the arrangement and ideas in the megalithic dolmens, dating back to the EIA, all in area close to the political centers of the Odrysian kingdom. The victorious Philip II’s campaign in Thrace in 341 BC pushed the Odrysian elite inland, where similar but masonrybuilt structures, both representative and primitive, appeared around the cities that arose at that time. But would we attribute the tombs to Thracian tradition since few of them are earlier than 4th century BC? Interesting parallels can be drawn between Tomb No. 1 in the Mogilanska tumulus and the representative tomb in Chetinyova Mogila near Starosel – they both have a round burial chamber with a space in front of the entrance and an impressive staircase to the tomb (fig. 3). Furthermore, I could try to explain the Mogilanska tumulus compared to the Great Tumulus at Aigai/ Vergina (fig. 4), where a rectangular structure of stone blocks, interpreted as a heroon, was discovered in the southern periphery. To the north of it were built the tombs of the members of the Argead dynasty: the first one of Philip II in 336 BC, the second – of Philip III Aridaeus in 317/16 BC, and the third to Alexander IV in 311/10 BC. So, the new ideas in the lands of the Triballoi were implemented in traditional way with the skills of local craftsmen. And this was not because they lacked wealth, but because not all aspects of the new and prestigious Hellenistic way of life could find manifestation in the more traditional society of the local elite.
2018
The article considers the statistical features of the burial rite practiced by the Hungarians in the period of Arpad’s rule and the burial grounds of the Perm Cis-Urals dating back to the same period. The authors reveal the similarity of the primary features of the funerary rite and specific material culture. It is concluded that the “Eastern” Magyars (Hungarians) not involved in the Westward migration were present in the Perm Cis-Urals in the 10th - early 11th centuries. The materials of the Cis-Urals burial grounds contain rather prominent “Magyar” traits characteristic of Hungarian burial grounds of the Arpads period. This suggests that a part of the Magyars who did not leave in 884 together with tribes of the seven elders, remained in the Urals throughout the 10th-11th centuries, including not only the partial territory of the contemporary Tatarstan and Bashkiria, but also the territory of Perm Krai, also forming a part of Magna Hungaria lands.
Bastina, 2021
In this paper, we will try to outline the letters on the old monuments in the Golija Mountain villages of Ljuljac and Kuzmičevo and compare them with the Nišan tombstones in the village of Škrijelje on the slopes of Pešter. All the monuments that were the subject of this analysis date from the 19th century. The main goal of the research is to determine the graphic circumstances and the relationships of the three alphabets (Cyrillic, Old Turkish / Ottoman alphabet and Latin) and their status in the mentioned period. In addition, the paper points out the sociolinguistic review of the graphic shift on Muslim monuments. The article also gives a brief overview of anthroponyms that appear on all tombstones.
MORTGAGES ON MULTILAYERED ANCIENT CITY SITE NEAR THE VILLAGE VERHNEE KOZACHIE NEAR ZADONSK On the multilayered hillfort located on the left coast of the Don River near the Verkhnee Kazachye village in Lipetsk oblast’ recent excavation revealed a series of burials and separate human bones. Information on these finds and the results of their analysis valuable to characteris-tic of both funeral ceremonialism, and physical shape and living conditions of settled population of the Don forest-steppe during the different historical periods are for the first time published in article. Seven burials were studied without things that present skeletons, both whole and frag-mented preservation. Their chronology is defined on the basis of the analysis of a stratigraphy and radio-carbon dating. The men's half-ruined burial which was located on the platform of the hillfort is referred to the 13th century. It filled up number of the burials which are occasionally found on Old Russian settlements of the region. Six more ancient burials were placed in an embankment of a defensive shaft. Remains of people at excavation of defensive works found on several Don hill-forts of the Early Iron Age earlier, but much less expressive. From the published burials one ap-peared in the 2nd century BC – 1st century AD, the others – in Scythian time (the 5-3rd centuries BC). Despite different degree of safety, they should be considered in the same row with those, ra-ther not numerous, complexes so far that characterize the cemetery funeral tradition existing in the ancient time. Anthropological materials from burials were analysed by traditional techniques. A series of Scythian time includes remains of five male adult individuals, average life expectancy of which made 46.8 years. It contains some markers of stress and pathology, high individual indica-tors of longitudinal body size and average level of physical activity. Keywords: Upper Don, a Skifo-Sarmatian era, Old Russian time, burials on the hillfort.
Czechoslovakian period of archaeology of Transcarpathia
Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area, 2019
The paper is devoted to the results of studies of ancient history on the territory of contemporary Transcarpathian province of Ukraine during the period of it being a part of Czechoslovakia (1919–1939). It was an important stage of establishment of Transcarpathian archaeological science which began its development in the middle of the 19th century from simple collecting of antiquities. In 1929 a county museum was opened in Mukachevo which became an important centre of collection, systematization, and museumification of local artifacts. During that period the ancient history of the region was studied by Czechoslovak archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Among them, one should name J. Bem, J. Skutil, and J. Eisner. They carried out excavations of archaeological artifacts of the region from different epochs: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Copper and Bronze Ages, Early Iron Age. Due to the efforts of J. Bem collection of Transcarpathian antiquiti...
The article presents the materials from biritual burial number 2 at mound nomber 14 at Tsyrkuny village of Kharkiv region. There are consider variants of Late Zarubynetska-Kyivska and Saltivska cultural attributions in this paper. Based on analogy of wooden structure burial, most likely that its burial refers to Saltivska culture and dates from the late 8th - the beginning of the 9th centuries AD. Keywords: Tsyrcuny village, Saltivska culture, burial, inhumation, cremation, burial mound, frame-tomb.
В работе рассмотрены археологические степные памятники пост-гуннского времени (вторая половина V – первая половина VI вв.), связанные с воинскими элитами гунно-болгар - погребения-ингумации под курганами, которые часто содержат «статусное» вооружение, такое как парадный меч, и панцырь, конское снаряжение, в том числе золотые накладки на седла, сопровождаются захоронениями коней. Кроме того, имеются памятники которые могут быть местом отправления воинских культов, судя по находкам там оружия, в том числе ритуально испорченного. Материальная культура этих степных памятников имеет четкие следы византийского влияния. Византийские черты в «вождеской» культуре пост-гуннский степных кочевников Понта скорее всего обьясняются их военно-политическими связями с Византией.