The earliest glass from the territory of Slovenia (original) (raw)
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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 311
The combined PIXE–PIGE method was used for the analysis of 43 glass fragments from the archaeological site Tonovcov grad in western Slovenia, with 10 of these additionally being analysed by LA-ICP-MS. The glass objects were attributed to the Late Antique production of the 4th–7th c. AD, with two examples of early Roman glass and three glass beads, one of them presumably of oriental origin. The analysis showed typical natron-type glass, produced in the Levantine region around the river Belus, and a few examples of HIMT glass, which could be recognized also in several other recycled objects. Only one glass bead, found in Early Medieval context, was made of the ash of halophytic plants.
Archaeometric analysis of some scythian and celtic glass beads from Hungary
2018
We have analysed six Iron Age glass beads from Hungary (three Scythian stratified eye beads with bosses from Mezőtúr, two Celtic bobbin beads and one Celtic simple eye bead from Vác-Kavicsbánya) with handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF), micro-X-ray diffraction (μ-XRD) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) methods. Our aim was to determine the provenance of the beads, including the sources of the raw materials, and/or the production centres, since archaeological data about their provenance are ambiguous. The base glass of the beads (soda-lime-silicate glass) as well as their colourants (calcium antimonate for white, cobalt and copper for blue, iron-bearing lead antimonate for yellow) are similar and have parallels in the Iron Age Europe and the Mediterranean region (e.g. LBA Egypt, Celtic glass bracelets spread in La Tène coine, Vicenice (Czech Republic) in Late Hallstatt period, and ancient Greek colony of Apollonia Pontica in the Black Sea region). In addition, we identified a ”ne...
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021
Finds of raw glass and waste from two La Tène glass-working sites, the settlement agglomeration of Němčice dating to the 3rd–second century BC and the Staré Hradisko oppidum from the 2nd–first century BC, are analysed by LA-ICP-MS. The analysis results of a series of 60 samples are compared with the corpus of 1194 analysed glass artefacts from France. A concurrence was found with the composition of Celtic and Hellenistic glass artefacts. Five compositional groups of natron glass were distinguished based on major, minor and trace elements: two groups correspond to Egyptian glass, the other three to Levantine glass. The similarity of the compositions recorded in Western and Central Europe shows that a European-wide network for the imported raw glass can be anticipated. The observation of the waste found at the Němčice site in the light of the experiments carried out with the skills of the La Tène glass masters introduces new elements into the progressive reconstruction of the organisa...
Glass finds in Slovenia and neighbouring areas, JRA 19, 2006, 329-342.
Article gives new information about the ancient glass in the SE Alpine area - modern Slovenia and neighbouring area; brings overview of the important prehistoric glass finds from the Iron age period; glass finds from the Roman period, with discussion about the local glass production, new finds of early Roman glass (vessels with ceramic profiles, facet-cut beakers) and oil lamp with depiction of glass furnace.
Chemical-physical characterisation of Early Iron Age glass beads from Central Europe
Boletín de la Sociedad Espańola de Cerámica y Vidrio, vol. 56, 2017
Archaeological excavation of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology (Polish Academy of Sciences, PAN) at several Iron Age sites located in West Poland and South Germany has allowed the recovery of an important set of coloured glass beads mostly decorated (6th-4th centuries BC). The present paper summarises the results obtained through the chemical and microstructural characterisation of such beads. The research was carried out by binocular microscope observations, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy disper-sive X-ray spectrometry and visible spectrophotometry. The main objective was to attain information on the production technology and conservation state of these beads. The results indicated that all them were produced with soda lime silicate glass, even though two groups can be separated: (i) beads containing high MgO percentages made from plant ashes as an alkaline source, and (ii) beads containing low MgO percentages made from natron as an alkaline source. As regards decorations, opaque white was obtained from tin oxide, turquoise blue from Cu 2+-ions, and opaque yellow from lead antimonate. Additionally, results showed microstructural and microcrystalline differences between some glass beads studied here and other glass beads from Mediterranean areas, dated in the same chronological period. This fact pointed out the valuable role given to these beads by Iron Age communities from Central Europe.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2020
In this paper, the chemical analyses of forty-two samples of glassware from the sixth to early seventh century AD Byzantine settlement of Gradina on Jelica, Serbia are reported, completing the previous study of forty windowpane samples from the same site. Apart from a single plant ash glass, all other glasses are natron-based, classified as Foy 2.1 (thirty-four), Foy 3.2 (six), and Roman (two). The ten colourless glasses from the assemblage are decolourised with manganese. Five glasses are intentionally coloured blue with cobalt and copper, one black with iron. Four blue glasses are opacified, one with antimony, one perhaps with tin. Some Jelica glass finds classified as Foy 3.2 are specific for having magnesium levels above those characteristic for série 3.2. Jelica glasses assigned to Foy 2.1 group were further divided into low iron (twenty), high iron (four), and very high iron (six) subgroups. The overall compositional pattern of Jelica samples identified as Foy 2.1 suggest that different sands with different heavy mineral suites and sources of lime were used in their making, as well as different levels of recycling. Our findings indicate that the reasons for the compositional blurring of Foy 3.2 and Foy 2.1 are not limited to technological reasons such as recycling, but also include variations in the sand minerals. The results support the picture of the dominance of Foy 2.1 and Foy 3.2 types of glass in central and eastern Balkans and on the Macedonian-Thracian coast during the sixth century AD. Our findings, together with the apparent absence of Levantine glass from this region reported until now, suggest that different trade routes were supplying these regions with Eastern Mediterranean raw glass from those supplying Adriatic Sea coasts.