Biomass and biofuels (original) (raw)
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Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2006
Bio-energy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future as biofuels in the form of gas, liquid or solid fuels or electricity and heat. There are three main routes to providing these biofuels-thermal conversion, biological conversion and physical conversion-all of which employ a range of chemical reactor configurations and designs. This review focuses on thermochemical conversion processes for their higher efficiencies, lower costs and greater versatility in providing a wide range of energy, fuel and chemical options. The technologies of gasification and fast pyrolysis are described, particularly the reactors that have been developed to provide the necessary conditions to optimise performance. The primary products that can be derived as gas, liquid and solid fuels are characterised, as well as the secondary products of electricity and/or heat, liquid fuels and a considerable number of chemicals.
Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy
2013
K e y w o r d s: biogas, methane, energy dedicated crops, renewable energy. A b s t r a c t In this paper state of art on known and potential biomass sources is reviewed. The review will consider energy dedicated crops and waste types that are already applied for clean energy purposes as well as potential ones. The resources can be applied for biofuels, bioethanol, methane, hydrogen production by means of various processes (methane fermentation, pyrolysys etc). The environmental and economical benefits of biomass application as a renewable energy source are also described.
Biomass Conversion Technologies for Bioenergy Generation: An Introduction
Biotechnological Applications of Biomass
Over the last century, there has been increasing debate concerning the use of biomass for different purposes such as foods, feeds, energy fuels, heating, cooling and most importantly biorefinery feedstock. The biorefinery products were aimed to replace fossil fuels and chemicals as they are renewable form of energy. Biomass is a biodegradable product from agricultural wastes and residues, forestry and aquaculture. Biomass could be sourced from a variety of raw materials such as wood and wood processing by-products, manure, fractions of organic waste products and agricultural crops. As a form of renewable energy, they have the advantages of easy storage, transportation, flexible load utilization and versatile applications. The aim of this study is to provide an overview for thermochemical and biochemical biomass conversion technologies that were employed currently. Attention was also paid to manufacture of biofuels because of their potentials as key market for large-scale green susta...
Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass
Bioresource Technology, 2002
The use of renewable energy sources is becoming increasingly necessary, if we are to achieve the changes required to address the impacts of global warming. Biomass is the most common form of renewable energy, widely used in the third world but until recently, less so in the Western world. Latterly much attention has been focused on identifying suitable biomass species, which can provide high-energy outputs, to replace conventional fossil fuel energy sources. The type of biomass required is largely determined by the energy conversion process and the form in which the energy is required. In the first of three papers, the background to biomass production (in a European climate) and plant properties is examined. In the second paper, energy conversion technologies are reviewed, with emphasis on the production of a gaseous fuel to supplement the gas derived from the landfilling of organic wastes (landfill gas) and used in gas engines to generate electricity. The potential of a restored landfill site to act as a biomass source, providing fuel to supplement landfill gas-fuelled power stations, is examined, together with a comparison of the economics of power production from purpose-grown biomass versus waste-biomass. The third paper considers particular gasification technologies and their potential for biomass gasification. Ó
Biomass as a Renewable Resource for Energy and Chemical Products
Science Journal of Energy Engineering, 2017
Global demand for biomass-based products will increase over the next decades. Global biomass demand is expected to roughly double between 2020 and 2050. In addition to ensuring food security for a growing and richer world population, biofuels and bio-based materials will increasingly drive future demand. This lead to a greater utilization of renewable resources to replace the old and existing fossil-based feedstock for energy and chemicals. In addition to depleting fossil fuel reserves and growing demand for energy has necessitated the renewed search for alternative energy resources such as sunflower seeds, soybean, canola, peanuts, coconut, wheat, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum etc. as well as Biomass. Bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas are the most common form of energy getting forms various biomass sources. On the other hand's glycerol, furans, levulinic acid, and aliphatic acids are the most common form of chemical generating from biomass using the various process as well as through the action of microorganisms and their enzymes. In the case of Bangladesh the main energy sources biomass and natural gas where biomass energy is about 70% of the total energy consumption. On the other hand, in the case of chemical production using biomass Bangladesh is not so much updated than the others developing countries around the world. This review represents the biomass sources and from them which various valuable chemicals and energy products are produced as well as biomass as a renewable resource for energy and chemical products.
Biomass: The Ultimate Source of Bio Energy
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2013
Growth of civilization with exponential increase in energy consumption through severe energy crisis has drifted the attention towards renewable resources. i.e. biomass. Most of the conversion processes either follow thermal route or biological route. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory with saw dust and wood chips as standard biomass to convert it into useful products. This paper describes the different routes along with the experimental studies that have been undertaken towards achieving the goal of converting biomass into useful energy.
Recent Advances in Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass
Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research [Working Title], 2021
The chapter focuses on recent trends of biomass conversion into valuable energy, chemicals, gaseous and liquid fuels. Biomass is presently the largest source of renewable energy and the primary bioenergy resource in the world. A comprehensive discussion on different types, sources and compositions of biomass is presented. The most abundant biomass on the earth is lignocellulose and it represents a major carbon source for chemical compounds and biofuels. The chapter presents a thorough review of lignocellulosic biomass and the importance of biomass as a renewable source. It then reviews biomass classification and composition. It introduces the analysis of biomass feedstock. Biomass is converted to energy, chemicals and clean fuels using various conversion techniques such as thermochemical, chemical and biochemical. The chapter provides a thorough examination of thermochemical conversion processes that use high temperatures to break down the bonds of organic matter. It briefly introdu...
Hypes, hurdles and hopes: Energy and biofuels from biomass
The Biochemist
The world is heading towards a crisis in providing sufficient food, water and fuel for a rapidly expanding population, while also conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. Through photosynthesis, plants could provide multiple solutions, helping to secure future supplies of not only food, but also energy, chemicals and materials. These roles have to be balanced to reduce conflict over the limited land resources available for cultivation. In particular, the current use of some food crop products for fuel should be superseded by the use of non-food biomass. To achieve this, the recalcitrance of lignocellulose to break down needs to be overcome and improvements in crop composition and cell walls are required to provide more optimized feedstocks for processing and conversion though biological or thermochemical routes. Research should also focus on improving energy yields of biomass crops on resource-limited land that is less suitable for food-based agriculture. Finally, the ...
Biomass for Power and Energy Generation
2015
Biomass is a scientific term for living matter, more specifically any organic matter that has been derived from plants as a result of the photosynthetic conversion process. The word biomass is also used to denote the products derived from living organisms – wood from trees, harvested grasses, plant parts, and residues such as stems and leaves, as well as aquatic plants. The solid biomass processing facility may also generate process heat and electric power. As more efficient bioenergy technologies are developed, fossil fuel inputs will be reduced; biomass and its by-products can also be used as sources for fuelling many energy needs. The energy value of biomass from plant matter originally comes from solar energy through the process known as photosynthesis. In nature, all biomass ultimately decomposes to its elementary molecules with the release of heat. During conversion processes such as combustion, biomass releases its energy, often in the form of heat, and the carbon is re-oxidi...
Biomass Energy Seminar, 25th March, 1989. Kolhapur, India, Ed. S.H. Pawar, Shivaji University Press, P. 1-19, 1989
The concept of biomass as a storage of solar energy has been elaborated. The role of energy in the formation, propagation and utilization of biomass has been discussed with special reference to wood energy. Fuel values of different biomass can be predicted from their basic chemical constitution. The gross, net and usable heat contents of wood with respect to moisture content has been defined. Energetics of biomass conversion processes such as drying, classification, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction and combustion are discussed. It is proposed that field estimation of biomass energy should be carried out with some precautions to avoid the over or under estimation.