Marine paints: The particular case of antifouling paints (original) (raw)

New approaches for monitoring the marine environment: the case of antifouling paints

International Journal of Environment and Health, 2007

Protection of ships hulls against biofouling has been a problem since man began sailing the seas. The most common protections are specially produced antifouling paints. These paints could be broadly classified in three main groups, or generations, depending on the technology applied: first generation copper-based, second generation organotin-based, and the new, third generation, organotin-free antifouling paints. Most of these new paints contain biocides, and consequently are also toxic. To further complicate risk evaluations, synergistic effects occurred when mixtures were tested. Some researchers have pointed out the risk of employing these compounds without a deep knowledge of their environmental behaviour and their effects on marine communities. However, the transition from second to third generation antifoulings is now a reality. Therefore, in this paper, considerations on the chemical and ecotoxicological information required and proposals for approaches to deal with the new antifouling problems are discussed.

Use of Antifouling Paints on Ship Hulls over Past Four Decades and Consequent Imposex: A Review

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

Review provides the historic stance, general overview of gastropod populations being served as biosensors and developments in imposex detection. Typically muricoid species belonging to genus Nucella and Thais have been found to be good bioindicators globally. Although up to seven (7) imposex developmental stages have been described based on organotin accumulation by an organism and resultant morphological expression (penis and vas deferens development in females) due to endocrine disruption and steroidal imbalance. From Pakistan phenomenon of imposex has been described in nine (9) species of meso and neogasrtropods. Imposex stages 1-4 and 4+ have been found in examined muricids, bursid and buccinid species which revealed the moderate contamination effects on gastropod populations found along the Pakistan coast. Some archaeogastropods from Japan and Pakistan have also been tested respectively for reproductive fitness due to possible contamination effects.

Evolution of Antifouling Paints

2018

Anti-fouling paints have been around us for decades. Ever since the discovery of Anti-fouling paints there has been a large development in the composition of the paint and its diverse effect on marine life. This project helps us study the history of anti-fouling paints, its evolution, reason for evolution, effect on marine life and also its future scope.

The development of a marine natural product-based antifouling paint

Biofouling, 2003

Problems with tin and copper antifouling compounds have highlighted the need to develop new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment are a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. Four isolates were used to produce extracts that were formulated into ten waterbased paints. All but one of the paints showed activity against a test panel of fouling bacteria. Five of the paints were further tested for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite, and algal spores of Ulva lactuca, and for their ability to inhibit the growth of U. lactuca. Two paints caused a significant decrease in the number of settled barnacles. One paint containing extract of Pseudomonas sp. strain NUDMB50-11, showed excellent activity in all assays. The antifouling chemicals responsible for the activity of the extract were isolated, using bioassay guided fractionation, and their chemical structures determined.

Antifouling processes and toxicity effects of antifouling paints on marine environment. A review

Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 2018

The production infrastructure in aquaculture invariably is a complex assortment of submerged components with cages, nets, floats and ropes. Cages are generally made from polyamide or high density polyethylene (PEHD). All of these structures serve as surfaces for biofouling. However, cage nets and supporting infrastructure offer fouling organisms thousands of square meters of multifilament netting. That's why, before immersing them in seawater, they should be coated with an antifouling agent. It helps to prevent net occlusion and to increase its lifespan. Biofouling in marine aquaculture is a specific problem and has three main negative effects. It causes net occlusion and so restricts water and oxygen exchange. Besides, the low dissolved oxygen levels from poor water exchange increases the stress levels of fish, lowers immunity and increases vulnerability to disease. Also, the extra weight imposed by fouling causes cage deformation and structural fatigue. The maintenance and los...

Current and Future Trends in Marine Antifouling Coatings.pdf

2015

Biofouling is a biological phenomenon, undesirable for the shipping industry both from an economic and environmental point of view. The accumulation of biofouling organisms on the hull surface causes deterioration of the ship’s hydrodynamic performance by imposing a gradually growing drag penalty. Ultimately, the energy loss due to fouling is translated into increased fuel consumption and thus, additional cost. At the same time, the impact on the environment is significant, primarily due to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions. Transportation of invasive aquatic species is also collateral environmental damage. Currently, the primary method used to prevent biofouling of a hull is the application of specialized protective coatings. This paper analyzes the major types of modern antifouling coatings, with reference to state-of-the-art products, as well as those under development. The working mechanism, as well as the technology involved for each type of antifouling coating is presented in a comprehensive manner, along with the advantages of each method. Finally, an analysis of the antifouling policy of a fleet of diversified ships using the Hellenic Navy as a case study is conducted. Confronted challenges on fouling prevention are discussed and recommendations are provided accordingly.

Modern approaches to marine antifouling coatings

Surface and Coatings Technology, 2006

Marine structures such as platforms, jetties and ship hulls are subject to diverse and severe biofouling. Methods for inhibiting both organic and inorganic growth on wetted substrates are varied but most antifouling systems take the form of protective coatings. Biofouling can negatively affect the hydrodynamics of a hull by increasing the required propulsive power and the fuel consumption. This paper reviews the development of antifouling coatings for the prevention of marine biological fouling. As a result of the 2001 International Maritime Organization (IMO) ban on tributyltin (TBT), replacement antifouling coatings have to be environmentally acceptable as well as maintain a long life. Tin-free self-polishing copolymer (SPC) and foul release technologies are current applications but many alternatives have been suggested. Modern approaches to environmentally effective antifouling systems and their performance are highlighted.

Biofouling Impacts and Toxicity of Antifouling Agents on Marine Environment: A Qualitative Study

2021

Biofouling from microorganisms, plants, barnacles, mussels or algae is a major problem for marine structures. Fouling leads to increased fuel costs due to increased frictional resistance on ships, and reduces reserve buoyancy of floating offshore structure, in addition to causing cage deformation and structural fatigue, impacting endurance of materials. The intrusion of invasive aquatic species (IAS) to new environments by ships is identified as a major threat to the world’s oceans. Marine fouling affects most manmade surfaces immersed in the sea, resulting in substantial losses. Anti-fouling paints tackle this problem to a certain extent. Extensive research is in progress in the antifouling technologies in maritime sector, with new products in compliance with International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations being developed. The most efficient solution to minimise fouling is to make surfaces unsuitable for settlers, coating them with Antifouling (AF) Paints containing toxic com...