Marine paints: The particular case of antifouling paints (original) (raw)

Abstract

The authors present a general overview of marine paints, paying particular attention to the case of antifouling paints. After locating these paints in the anticorrosive protection systems used on the underwater parts of ships and/or other moving structures, a summary is made of the main types of antifouling products used through history up to the present time. This is complemented by a systematic assessment of the main types of living organisms that fix themselves to the underwater parts of ships. Consideration is also briefly made of the main basic mechanisms by which the different types of antifouling paints work. Finally a number of current research lines on antifouling technologies are mentioned.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (144)

  1. A. Milne, Shipbuiding Progress 33 (1986) 33.
  2. P.S.Z.N. Boero, Marine Ecol. 15 (1) (1993) 3.
  3. E. Almeida, Bol. Electr. Corros. 72 (1974) 19.
  4. I.S. Walker, PCE (1999) 24.
  5. Kerry Pianoforte, http://www.coatings world.com, May 2004, p. 32.
  6. M.A. Champ, Sci. Total Environ. 258 (2000) 21.
  7. A. Abbot, P.D.W. Arnold, A. Milne, Sci. Total Environ. 258 (2000) 5.
  8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces, Final Rule, Federal Register 63, 176, September 1998, p. 11.
  9. Y. Honda, Technology after ban TBT in Japan, in: Proceedings of the Emerging Non-metallic Materials in Marine Environment, Honolulu, HI, USA, March, 1997, p. 18.
  10. IMO-MEPC 38 (1996) (v), Terms of reference for a corresponding group on the reduction of harmful effects of the use of antifouling paints for ships, IMO-MEPC Paper MEPC 38/WP.6, 1996.
  11. C.D. Anderson, IBS, UK, IBC UK Conferences Limited, UK, 1998, p. 1.
  12. S. Kiil, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40 (2001) 3906.
  13. U. Guerrik, U. Schneider, U. Stewen, Prepr. Ext. Abstr. ACS Natl. Meet. 38 (1) (1998) 91.
  14. E. Almeida, Bol. Electr. Corros. 81 (1975) 34.
  15. A. Toussaint, M. Piens, E. Almeida, Double liaison-Chimie des Peintures, DOLIA XXV, vol. 271, 1978, p. 87.
  16. A.M. Berensen, PCE (1998) 24.
  17. D. Crisp, The role of the biologist in antifouling research, in: R.F. Acker, Brown, J.R. De Palma, W.P. Iveson (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third I.C.M.C.F., Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL, 1973, p. 88.
  18. M.G. Callow, J.A. Callow, Biologist 49 (2002) 1.
  19. G.H. Young, G.W. Gerard, W.K. Schneider, Ind. Eng. Chem. (1943) 432.
  20. C. Dallari, La Rivista del Colore, Verniciatura Industrial 10 (11-12) (1977) 241.
  21. C. Dallari, La Rivista del Colore, Verniciatura Industrial 10 (15-16) (1977) 417.
  22. P. Wolf, M. Schriel, The possibilities of exposure of antifouling paints in Curac ¸au, Dutch Lesser Antilles, TNO, Report 56C (C11,19), November 1963, p. 7.
  23. S. Kiil, et al., J. Coat. Technol. 74 (929) (2002) 45 (Err. in J. Coat. Technol. 74 (932) (2002) 89).
  24. J.D. Ferry, D.E. Carritt, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (6) (1946) 612.
  25. V.J.D. Rascio, B. Giudice, B. del Amo, Corros. Ver. 8 (1) (1988) 87.
  26. S. Kiil, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40 (18) (2001) 3906.
  27. S. Kiil, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 80 (2002) 45.
  28. C. Hong-Xi, et al., Fujian Shifan Daxue Xuebao 4 (2) (1988) 61.
  29. L.R.A. Capurro, in: D.E. Griffith (Ed.), Oceanography for Practising Engineers, Barnes Noble Inc., New York, 1970, p. 67.
  30. C.L. Pickard, W.J. Emery, Descriptive Physical Oceanography: Na Intro- duction, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1982, p. 68.
  31. D.M. Yebra, S. Kiil, K.D. Johansen, POC 50 (2004) 75.
  32. Catalogue des principales salissures marines, vol. 1 Balanes, no. 15088, OCDE, Paris, 1963.
  33. Catalogue des principales salissures marines, vol. 2 Briozoaires, no. 17916, OCDE, Paris, 1963.
  34. Catalogue des principales salissures marines, vol. 3 Serpules Tubicoles, no. 21668, OCDE, Paris, 1963.
  35. Catalogue des principales salissures marines, vol. 4 Ascidies, no. 24780, OCDE, Paris, 1963.
  36. NF X 40-504, Protection en milieu marin. Identification pratique des principales salissures de carènes, AFNOR, Paris, 1969.
  37. M. Callow, Chem. Ind. 5 (1990) 123.
  38. I. Lunn, Antifouling: A Brief Introduction to the Origines and Devel- opments of the Marine Antifouling Industry, BCA Publications, Thame, UK, 1974, p. 68.
  39. G.H. Young, G.W. Seadren, J.C. Zeliner, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 (5) (1945) 461.
  40. H.C. Ekama, A.M. Londen, P. Wolf, Results of an inquiry into the con- dition of ship's hulls in relation to foulinf and corrosion, TNO, Delft, Report No. 47 C (12-11), December 1962.
  41. V. Rascio, J.J. Caprari, R. Bastida, Peintures pigments et vernis 45 (11) (1969) 724.
  42. M.H. Gillitz, J. Coat. Technol. 53 (678) (1981) 46.
  43. V. Rascio, Antifouling protection by paints, in: Argentina-USA Work- shop of Biodeterioration, in Proc. São Paulo: Aquatic Química, 1985, p. 261.
  44. J.A. Montemarano, E.J. Dyckman, J. Paint Technol. 47 (600) (1975) 59.
  45. S.N. Ghiya, Paintindia 12 (1987) 19.
  46. M. Kroustein, Organolead Elastomeric Coatings, Chem. Depart. Manhat- tan College Bronx, New York, 1973.
  47. L. Chromy, K. Uhacz, JOCCA 61 (1978) 39.
  48. A.M.V. Londen, A study of ship bottom paints in particular pertaining to the beahaviour and action of antifouling paints, TNO, Report no. 54 C (C6,C7,5b), September 1963.
  49. N. Voulvoulis, M.D. Scrimshaw, J.N. Lester, Appl. Organometall. Chem. 13 (1999) 135.
  50. I. Omae, Appl. Organometall. Chem. 17 (2003) 181.
  51. V. Vetere, et al., Surf. Coat. Int. 12 (1) (1999) 586.
  52. V. Vetere, et al., J. Coat Technol. 69 (866) (1997) 39.
  53. G. Swain, PCE (1999) 18.
  54. J.D. Pidgeon, Marine Safety Agency, Project 320, 1993.
  55. H. Bostwick, et al., Ind. Eng. 37 (5) (1945) 456.
  56. V. Rascio, J.J. Caprari, Peintures-Pigments-Vernis 45 (2) (1969) 102.
  57. O.D. Hunt, Paint Manuf. (1964) 49.
  58. K.D. Brunt, P.N. Wood, J. Coat. Int. 10 (1997) 473.
  59. N.W. Blossmon, Abstracts of 11th ICMCF, San Diego, CA, July, 2002, p. 21.
  60. K.V. Thomas, Biofouling 17 (1) (2001) 73.
  61. P.A. Turley, R.J. Fenn, J.C. Ritter, Biofouling (1-3) (2000) 175.
  62. A.R. Fernandez Alba, et al., Anal. Chim. Acta 456 (2002) 303.
  63. N. Voulvoulis, M.D. Scrimshaw, J.N. Lester, Chemosphere 47 (2002) 789.
  64. M.J. Cowling, Sci. Total Environ. 258 (2000) 129.
  65. S. Abarzua, S. Jakubowsky, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Serv. 123 (1995) 301.
  66. D. Rittshof, Biofouling 15 (1) (2000) 119.
  67. P.D. Steinberg, R. Nys, S. Kjelleberg, Biofouling 12 (1) (1998) 227.
  68. S. Kiil, et al., POC 45 (4) (2002) 423.
  69. G. Swain, J. Prot. Coat. Linings (1999) in [28].
  70. P.R. Willensen, G.M. Ferrari, Surf. Coat. Int. 10 (1993) 423.
  71. A.S. Clare, J. Mar. Biotechnol. 6 (1998) 3.
  72. N. Fusetani, Curr. Org. Chem. 1 (1997) 127.
  73. M.E. Hay, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 200 (1996) 103.
  74. C.A. Giudice, et al., J. Coat. Technol. 58 (733) (1986) 45.
  75. C.A. Giudice, et al., Rev. Iberoamericana Corros. Prot. XVII 2 (1986) 141.
  76. H.K. Bostwick, J.D. Ferry, Ind. Eng. Chem. 38 (1) (1946) 931.
  77. C.A. Giudice, B. del Amo, EuroCoat 1-2 (1993) 16.
  78. C.D. Anderson, CDA, UK, CDA, Swsconf, 1995, p. 1.
  79. F. Marson, J. Appl. Chem. 19 (1969) 93.
  80. CEPE Antifouling Working Groupe, Final Report, EC Project No. 961559/3040/DEB/E2, 1999.
  81. C.D. Anderson, Self-polishing antifoulings: a scientific perspective, Proc. Ship Repair Conv. 93 (1993).
  82. A.B. Samui, U.R. Hand, P.C. Deb, J. Coat Technol. 69 (867) (1997) 67.
  83. V.J.D. Rascio, Corros. Ver. 18 (2) (2000) 133.
  84. M.P. Pereira, Bimco Bull. 98 (1) (2003) 34.
  85. J.E. Hunter, PCE (1997) 16.
  86. G.W. Swain, Biofouling control: a critical component of drag reduc- tion, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sea Water Drag Reduction, Newport, RI, July, 1998, p. 155.
  87. F.H. de la Court, H.V. Vries, POC 1 (1973) 401.
  88. C.O. Morley, JOCCA 41 (1958) 445.
  89. Germ. Pat. 2,101,074 to K.K.K. Kroyer, in Ref. [75].
  90. J.R. Saroyan, et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 9 (2) (1970) 122.
  91. T.B. O'Neill, J. Coat. Technol. 58 (734) (1986) 51.
  92. J.S. Gerard, Practical application of cathodic protection, in: L.L. Shereir (Ed.), Corrosion, vol. 2, Newnes-Butterworths, London, 1976, p. 67.
  93. G. Swain, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sea Water Drag Reduction, The Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, 1998, p. 155.
  94. Y. Ikegami, K. Urata, T. Tsuru, H. Sumitomo, T. Yamasaki, H. Uherara, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Robunshu B Hen Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng.B 61 (1995) 2269 (in Japanese).
  95. L.G. Spears, J.H. Stone, Environ. Sci. Technol. 3 (6) (1969) 576.
  96. T. Matsunaga, T.K. Lim, Electrochemistry 68 (11) (2000) 847.
  97. R. Baboin, E.S. Haynes, Corrosion/80, Paper 37, Chicago, IL, March 1980.
  98. H. Kita, JP Patent 2,001,234,126 (2000).
  99. J.R. Bidwell, et al., Hidrobiology 394 (1999) 53.
  100. A. Kerr, et al., J. Appl. Microbiol. 6 (1998) 1067.
  101. M. Okochi, T. Matsunaga, Electrochim. Acta 42 (20) (1997) 3247.
  102. S. Nakasono, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (11) (1993) 3557.
  103. Dutch Patent Application 6,917,992 in Ref. [75].
  104. T. Nakaiama, et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 50 (4) (1998) 502.
  105. X.H. Wang, et al., Synth. Met. 102 (1999) 1377.
  106. G. Gerlikzy, R. Betz, Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Sym- posium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, ISAF'86, 1986, p. 519.
  107. V. Rascio, et al., JOCCA 61 (1978) 389.
  108. D.M. Santagata, et al., Pigm. Res. Technol. 29 (6) (2000) 356.
  109. J.J. Capari, A.R. DiSarli, B. del Amo, Pigm. Res. Technol. 29 (1) (2000) 12.
  110. E. Almeida, A. Maia, A. Batista, Preliminary survey of the macrofouling occurring on experimental steel coated panels in the Peniche port, in: Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Valência, Espanha, November, 1988.
  111. K. Vallée Rehel, V. Langlois, P. Guerin, J. Environ. Polym. Degradation 6 (4) (1998) 175.
  112. Anon., Review of current and future marine antifouling coatings, Marine Safety Agency, UK, Report 93/TIPEE/4787, 1993.
  113. P. Kuo, et al., Interface-crashed polishing type of tin-free antifouling coatings, in: Proceedings of the Emerging Nonmetallic Materials for the Marine Environment, Honolulu, HI, USA, March, 1997.
  114. R.E. Baier, Influence of the initial surface condition of materials on bioad- hesion, in: Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Marine Corrosion and Fouling, October, 1972, p. 633.
  115. S.C. Dexter, Influence of substrate wettability on the formation of bac- terial slime films on solid surfaces immersed in natural sea water, in: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Marine Corrosion and Fouling, June, 1976, p. 137.
  116. S. Swain, PCE (1999) 18.
  117. R.F. Brady, POC 35 (1991) 31.
  118. ASTM D5618, Standard Test Method of Measurement of Barnacle Adhe- sion Strength Shear, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA, 1994.
  119. C.H. Hare, J. Prot. Coat. Linings 14 (3) (1997) 85.
  120. R.F. Brady Jr., POC 43 (2001) 188.
  121. M. Ryle, Motor Ship (1999) 34.
  122. JPCE-JPCL Staff, JPCL, October 2001, p. 42.
  123. C.E. Weinell, K.N. Olsen, M.W. Cristoffersen, S. Kiil, Biofouling 19 (Suppl.) (2003) 45.
  124. C. Holstrom, et al., Regulation of activity and settlement of marine organisms by bacterial extracellular components, in: Proceedings of the Emerging Nonmetallic Materials for the Marine Environment, Honolulu, HI, USA, March, 1997, p. 18.
  125. S. James, et al., Marine bacteria immobilized in hidrogel prevent settle- ment of larvae, in: Proceedings of the Third Int. Marine Biotechnology Conference, Tromsoe, Noruege, 1994.
  126. N.G.M. Nadal, Process for producing antibiotic, antifungal and antifoulant substances by solvent extraction of sargassum nataire, Chon- dria littoralis and Cympolis barlata and resulting products, US Patent 3,415,928 (Dezembro 10, 1968).
  127. P.D. Steinberg, R. de Nys, S. Kjelleberg, Biofouling 12 (1) (1998) 227.
  128. D. Rittschoff, et al., Biofouling 6 (2) (1992) 115.
  129. C. Unabla, M. Hafield, Bioactivity marina isonitrite compounds from Hawalian sponges as models for synthetic nontoxic antifouling and antibiotic agents, in: Proceedings of the Emerging Nonmetallic Materials for the Marine Environment, Honolulu, HI, USA, March, 1997.
  130. P.R. Willemsem, The screening of sponge extracts for antifouling activity using a bioassay with laboratory reared Cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, Proc. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. (1995).
  131. P.R. Willmsen, G.M. Ferrari, Surf. Coat. Int. 10 (1993) 423.
  132. J.S. Todd, et al., Phytochemistry 34 (2) (1993) 401.
  133. S.S. Sawant, A. Wagh, Terrestreal plants: a potential source for isolation of ecofriendly antifouling compounds, in: Proceedings of the Emerging Nonmetallic Materials for the Marine Environment, Honolulu, HI, USA, March, 1997.
  134. G.R. Weismon, et al., Biofouling 6 (2) (1992) 123.
  135. C. Baum, et al., Mar. Biol. 140 (3) (2002) 653.
  136. M. Andersson, et al., Biofouling 14 (2) (1999) 167.
  137. A.S. Hoffman, MRS Bull. (1991) 42.
  138. I.Y. Galaev, Russ. Chem. Rev. 64 (5) (1995) 471.
  139. Anon., MER (1997) 28.
  140. S. Árias, ECJ 03 (1999) 122.
  141. M. Faimali, M. Andrenacci, S. Geraci, Pitture Vernice-Eur. Coat. 17 (2000) 19.
  142. L. Kolle, JPCL (2004) 32.
  143. A.M. Socci, JPCL (2004) 23.
  144. F. Fay, et al., POC 54 (2005) 216.