Volume feedback during cough in anesthetized cats, effects of occlusions and modulation summary (original) (raw)
Related papers
TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Nutrition: Ethical Issues and Challenges
Nutrition Research, 2016
For nutrition and its associated disciplines, ethical considerations related to research are often complicated by factors that range from the use of experimental research designs that are overly holistic to inextricable links between nutrition research and marketing. As a consequence, there is the need for constant vigilance to assess and deal with apparent conflicts of interest. Also, there are few scientific disciplines that are defined by cultural, religious, or political codifications as is nutrition. Accordingly, examples of historical, cultural, and political events are described that have influenced ethical approaches related to nutrition research. Furthermore, nutrition research questions are often multifaceted and require dealing with complex variables. In this regard, ethical principles and perspectives that have relevance to data acquisition, the publication and translation of nutrition research, and the marketing of nutritional products and concepts are highlighted.
ESPEN guidelines on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration
Clinical Nutrition, 2016
Background: The worldwide debate over the use of artificial nutrition and hydration remains controversial although the scientific and medical facts are unequivocal. Artificial nutrition and hydration are a medical intervention, requiring an indication, a therapeutic goal and the will (consent) of the competent patient. Methods: The guideline was developed by an international multidisciplinary working group based on the main aspects of the Guideline on "Ethical and Legal Aspects of Artificial Nutrition" published 2013 by the German Society for Nutritional Medicine (DGEM) after conducting a review of specific current literature. The text was extended and introduced a broader view in particular on the impact of culture and religion. The results were discussed at the ESPEN Congress in Lisbon 2015 and accepted in an online survey among ESPEN members. Results: The ESPEN Guideline on Ethical Aspects of Artificial Nutrition and Hydration is focused on the adult patient and provides a critical summary for physicians and caregivers. Special consideration is given to end of life issues and palliative medicine; to dementia and to specific situations like nursing care or the intensive care unit. The respect for autonomy is an important focus of the guideline as well as the careful wording to be used in the communication with patients and families. The other principles of Bioethics like beneficence, non-maleficence and justice are presented in the context of artificial nutrition and hydration. In this respect the withholding and withdrawing of artificial nutrition and/or hydration is discussed. Due to increasingly multicultural societies and the need for awareness of different values and beliefs an elaborated chapter is dedicated to cultural and religious issues and nutrition. Last but not least topics like voluntary refusal of nutrition and fluids, and forced feeding of competent persons (persons on hunger strike) is included in the guideline.
Letter to the editor Food and Nutritional Security, a Vital and Imprecise Concept
Alerta, Revista cientÃfica del Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2024
Food and nutritional security (FNS) is a vital concept because it is related to life, human rights and health; however, it induces a diversity of understandings and scopes because it can be considered an objective such as solving the problem of hunger and nutrition in the world; it can be an end or goal such as the search for safe food, or a paradigm from the political, economic, social, cultural, legal and from the sciences and technologies related to food. It has a multidimensional character that is expressed in the distance between the conceptual formulations in national and international public policies, as it also depends on the context and the formulations of academia, since it is a concept in continuous change.
Ethics of Artificial Nutrition
Revista Romana De Bioetica, 2014
Artificial nutrition represents the whole set of medical therapies which totally or partially replace oral feeding when this is no longer possible. Artificial nutrition needs to be initiated and withdrawn depending on the balance between the advantages and disadvantages induced to the patient. The medical world frequently encounters dilemmas about initiating and withdrawing this treatment. Numerous controversies still exist regarding the appropriate use of enteral or parenteral nutrition in certain categories of patients, such as those with strokes, with persistent vegetative states, with dementia, with neoplasms or other terminal illnesses. The decision to initiate, withhold or withdraw this medical procedure needs to be based on the patient's autonomy. If the patient is no longer capable of making decisions and has not left previous clear directives, it is the responsibility of the patient's legal representative, of the family or of the Court to decide according to the medical data on the respective case and the legal provisions in force in each country. Other ethical issues are generated by the obligation to rationalize health care resources.
This chapter draws attention to the fact that food is not only a (bio)ethical concern but also a biopolitical concern. The growing anxieties regarding climate change, market-failure, and food security at local and global levels re-frames food ethics from consumer choice to wider political and structural issues. In the first part I outline the limitations of bioethical discourses of choice and responsibility surrounding food and health. In the second part I argue that much of the bioethical discourse ignores the biopolitical dimension of food systems by merely encouraging individuals and populations to make healthy food choices. I do not argue that bioethical analyses are redundant or should be ignored. Rather, in the third and final part I argue for the inclusion of biopolitics as a crucial corrective for bioethics to critically respond to concerns surrounding food and that together a substantial political and ethical analysis of food is possible.
BMJ, 2005
Animal and human case for reforming current food policies Editor-The avian flu threat shows the importance of links between the medical and veterinary professions, but the debate needs to extend into the hidden costs of current food policy. Food policy is still excessively reliant on market efficiencies, by minimising price and maximising choice. 1 Although the obesity epidemic has brought the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) together on the socioeconomic costs of the nutrition transition, 2 the associated animal health and welfare costs are easily overlooked. In 2003 the WHO and FAO emphasised the adverse health impact of cheap, convenient, energy dense foods that are high in fats but drew back from the implications for the meats and dairy fats industries. 2 3 The point was not lost on industry, however, which funded defensive economic assessments. 4 Historically, a good public health case existed for reducing the price of foods, particularly meats. Vets have helped deliver that policy. Today, vets help farmers control the diseases and other welfare concerns that intensive farming inadvertently promotes. Doctors, in turn, deal both with farmers' health, as farmers struggle to remain in business, and with the public's health, damaged by the modern diet. So, should vets and doctors join together to examine the case for radically reforming current food policy? The links between reduced human health and farm animal welfare are matters of public interest that lie across and within the professions' respective purviews. Considerable cultural pressure exists to rethink food policy, not least to internalise the public health costs of industrialised food processing and distribution systems. 5 Moreover, many consumers now tend to associate good human health with good animal welfare, 6 and the health professions are being asked to encourage a dramatic shift in national diets. 3 Thus, the time is right for joint veterinary and medical debate about food policy, and even a shared position.
The Ethics of Food, Fuel & Feed
Daedalus, 2015
As the collective impact of human activity approaches Earth's biophysical limits, the ethics of food become increasingly important. Hundreds of millions of people remain undernourished, yet only 60 percent of the global harvest is consumed by humans, while 35 percent is fed to livestock and 5 percent is used for biofuels and other industrial products. This essay considers the ethics of such use of edible nutrition for feedstock and biofuel. How humanity uses Earth's land is a reflection of its values. The current land-use arrangements, which divert 40 percent of all food to feed animals or create fuels, suggest that dietary and transportation preferences of wealthier individuals are considered more important than feeding undernourished people, or the stability of the wider biotic community.
PLOS ONE, 2017
Background The limited integration of ethics in nutrition-related public health policies and interventions is one major concern for those who have the task of implementing them. Ethical challenges that are overlooked during the development of such interventions could raise serious ethical issues during their implementation and even after. As a result, these decision makers need technical support and ethical guidance for adaptation of interventions to local (cultural, social, economic, etc.) contexts. Aim The goal of this scoping review is to delineate and "map" the range of ethical issues in nutrition-related public health interventions, as well as the range of the various fields in which they may arise. Methods A scoping review of empirical research and conceptual literature was conducted following the framework of Arksey and O'Malley. Searches using PubMed with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) categories and Advanced Search Builder as well as in the Global Health Library were performed. The final sample consists of 169 publications. Results The ethics of public health prevention or treatment of obesity and non-communicable diseases is the most explicitly and frequently discussed subject. In comparison, ethical issues raised by public health interventions in the fields of undernutrition, breastfeeding, vitamin/ mineral supplementation and food fortification, food security, food sustainability and food
Ethics of Food - Annotated Bibliography
The literature analyzing the ethics of food production, distribution and consumption is continually growing and expanding. The multi-disciplinary nature of this literature has the potential to leave readers disoriented by the scope or unaware of relevant research occurring in unfamiliar disciplines. The purpose of this bibliography is to provide an internet-based resource for researchers, teachers, students and the public interested in the ethics of food. Using short summaries, annotations and links this resource guides readers through the literatures addressing the ethics of food.Importantly, this resource does not attempt to provide an authoritative statement on particular issues, themes or debates but point readers to the relevant literature enabling independent inquiry. We have sought to balance breadth of entries with depth, selecting based on the influence of the entry on the ethical debate and analysis of human conduct in the production, distribution, preparation and consumption of food.