Foeto-placental weight relationship in normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by pregnancy induced hypertension and abruption of placentae (original) (raw)
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Effect of Pregnency Induced Hypertension on the Morphometry of Placenta and Weight of New Born
2015
Pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the threatening problem and complication arising from it are also common which lead to several maternal and foetal death. During pregnancy, examination of mother and foetus done properly but what is overlooked is placenta, as it cannot be measured directly until after birth. Foetal distress, intrauterine foetal death and placental abnormalities are common in pregnancy induced hypertension. Rate of preterm birth range from 5 to10 percent of deliveries in developing countries (HslehTʼSang-TʼSang 2005). About two third of preterm deliveries are due to spontaneous onset of preterm labour or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Aims and objectives 1) To study the gross anatomy and morphometry of placentae with normal pregnancy. 2) To study morphology of placentae in pregnancy induced hypertension and its effect on foetus. 3) To compare morphometry of placentae of pregnancy induced hypertension patients with that of normal. 4) To establish the correlation of placental weight with weight of newborn baby. 5) To compare the finding of present study with those of previous studies. 6) To study its clinical relevance. II. Material And Method Cases selected are those patients who were having blood pressure 140/90mm of Hg or more with or without oedema/proteinuria. None of these cases had hypertension prior to pregnancy. In control group, pregnancies with normal blood pressure and without oedema/proteinuria were included. Only placentae from 36 to 40 weeks of pregnancy were included in this study because of their easy availability, and because cases of premature termination before this time are associated with abnormal pregnancy, so that it is then difficult to form a control group. Only cases with live births were included. Two hundred and one placentae, 101 from normal pregnancies and 100 from pregnancy induced hypertension pregnancies, were examined.. Material Used:-1) Weighing machine. 2) Measuring scale. 3) Strip of graph paper. 4) Vernier calliper. 5) Magnifying lens. 6) Probe. 7) Permanent marker. 8) Plastic tag. 9) Scissor. 10) Scalpel. 11) Forcep. Method:-The baby's weight was recorded on the weighing scale.In the department of Anatomy, umbilical cord was tied and cut leaving 2.5 cm attached to the foetal surface of placenta. Then the placenta was washed thoroughly under tap water, clots if any present were removed from maternal surface after proper examination and recording, and then placenta was gently blotted dry with the filter paper.
Title Weight of human placenta and maternal and fetal parameters: An Observational study
Innovative publication, 2016
The aim of the study is to determine variations of human placental weight in live singleton term births and study their relationship with maternal and fetal parameters. Subjects were mothers of live, singleton, full term neonates delivered at the Tertiary care hospital Pune, Western Maharashtra between June 2010' to June 2012. To determine variations of placental weight, hundred fourteen healthy pregnant mothers without H/O blood pressure, diabetes and preeclampsia were prospectively observed in our tertiary care hospital during antenatal period until delivery and immediate post-partum period. Placental weight and birth weight of babies were measured by immediately after delivery by an electronic weighing scale. The mean of birth weight was 2726 gm. with a standard deviation (SD) of 323 gm. Placenta weight had a mean of 384.5 gm. (SD) of 81.6 gm. Eighty seven percent of the mothers were between the age group of 20-30 years. Most of the mothers were primigravida (40%) or second gravida (35%) and in 25% cases 3rd or onwards. In 49.12% cases the placental weight was between 300-400 gm. in 15.78% cases >300 gm. and in 27.19% cases was between 400 to 500 gm. There is no statistical association between placental weight and maternal and fetal parameters, though there is numerical difference.
Role of Morphometry of Placenta in Determination of Birth Weight of Fetus in Hypertensive Mothers
Academia Anatomica International
Background: The present study was conducted to assess the association of morphometry of the placenta and birth weight of fetus in hypertensive mothers. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted on 74 pregnant women with an uncomplicated pregnancy and those with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). The following morphometric parameters of each placenta were recorded: weight, volume, thickness, transverse diameter, and shape. Gestational age of mothers, sex and birth weight of newborns were recorded. Results: The majority of male babies with weight > 2500 grams had > 37 weeks of gestational age and the majority of female babies with weight >2500 grams had >37 weeks of gestational age. The mean weight of placentae in male babies was 416.7 grams, the mean surface area was 226.5 sq cm, mean volume was 372.2 ml and mean thickness were 2.04 cm. while the mean weight of placentae in female babies was 407.5 grams, the mean surface area was 220.4 sq cm, mean volume wa...
PLACENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND ITS CO-RELATION WITH FOETAL OUTCOME IN PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION
The Aim was to undertake a detailed study of placental morphology in pregnancies complicated by hypertension to assess the spectrum of placental changes and to correlate these findings with severity and duration of maternal disease and with the foetal outcome. A study of sixty placentae was done with the collaboration of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, to find out the morphological changes of placenta in 30 women suffering from pregnancy induced hypertension in comparison to 30 women with uncomplicated gestation and their fetal outcome. Mean placental weight and volume was found to be much lower in the study group. Macroscopic features like retroplacental haematoma, grossly discernable infarcts and calcification was found to be more in the placentae of mothers suffering from PIH. The mean birth weight of babies in PIH was less as compared to the control group; also the incidence of still births was more. INTRODUCTION The placenta is the most accurate record of infant's prenatal experiences. Generally physicians are uncomfortable with the task of examining the placenta, but it is a task they should willingly undertake because submitting this organ to a knowledgeable look and touch can provide much insight into prenatal life. According to Park (2009) the hypertensive disorders are responsible for 5-8 % of all maternal deaths. A wide variation in placental size has been reported in pre-eclamptic women. Usually the placental size is described as smaller than normal but unduly large and occasionally hydropic placentae have also been reported. As the placenta is the direct link between mother and foetus, the examination of placenta should give the clear idea of what had happened with it, when it was in the mother's womb and what is going to happen with the foetus in the future. With this objective the present study was carried out. Brosens et al., (1977) said that the retro placental haemorrhage is due to rupture of maternal decadal arteriole, the wall of which is weakened because of the changes that occur in pre-eclampsia. Fox (1973) said that in pre-eclampsia the functional reserve capacity of the placenta is diminished by the utero-placental ischaemia. Under these conditions, a further loss of functional tissue by extensive infarction as a result of a large haematoma may compromise placental function to the extent that it fails to provide the foetus with an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. Fox (1978) postulated that extensive placental infarction is associated with a high incidence of foetal hypoxia, intra-uterine growth retardation and death. Tindall and Scott (1965) found that calcification occurs more commonly in first pregnancies and its incidence is directly related to low maternal age, high maternal socioeconomic status and delivery during the summer months. Brown et al., (1988) found that placental calcification occurs earlier in pregnancy in cigarette smokers. Udainia and Jain (2001) found that a linear correlation exists between weight of newborn baby and weight of placenta in uncomplicated pregnancies. For mild and severe pregnancy induced hypertension cases also, they found that linear relationship exists between the weight of newborn baby and the weight of placenta. Templeton and Campbell (1977) estimated the prenatal death rate in eclamptic women as 136/1000. Whereas Chamberlain et al., (1970) showed a prenatal mortality rate of 33.7/1000 in severe pregnancy induced hypertension and eclampsia as compared to the rate of 19.2/100 in normotensive pregnancies.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care
Severe anemia during pregnancy is a potentially hazardous hematological disorder. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report the global prevalence of anemia among pregnant women is 55.9%. In India, the highest prevalence of moderate anemia was found in Nagaon District (82.7%) noted by G. S. Toteja et al., in 2006. The present study was aimed to assess the relationship of placental weight and fetal outcome among normal and anemic delivered mothers. The objectives of the study are to assess and compare placental weight and fetal outcome among normal and anemic delivered mothers and to find an association between placental weight and fetal outcome with selected demographic variables in both groups. Quantitative research approach and comparative, descriptive design was used for the study. The study was conducted at Krishna hospital Karad by using Purposive sampling technique on 62 normal and 62 anemic mothers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Results shows that unpaired t test revealed that mean placental weight of anemic mothers was significantly higher than of normal mothers (p<0.05). Mean fetal weight of babies delivered to normal mothers was significantly higher than the babies delivered to anemic mothers (p<0.05) and length of babies delivered to normal mothers was significantly higher than babies delivered to anemic mothers (p<0.05). There was significant association was found between placental weight of normal mothers and monthly income of family, (p < 0.05). The study concludes that correlation between placental weight and birth weight of babies shows significant difference with a positive correlation in both the groups. This means as the placental weight increases the birth weight also increases and vice-versa.
Effect of Maternal Preeclampsia on the Weight of the Placenta
Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, 2011
Context: Preeclampsia is a relatively common pregnancy disorder that is related to the placenta and causes variable maternal and foetal problems. Alterations in placental weight are evident in moderate to severe maternal preeclampsia. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive type. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2005 to June 2006. Materials & Methods: 60 human placentae from Bangladeshi women were collected from the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka of which 30 from normal uncomplicated pregnancies (control group or group A) and another 30 from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (preeclampsia group or group B), where the patients were normotensive previously. Results: The mean weight of the placenta was 406.90±72.64 gm in control group (group A) and 311.50±74.09 gm in preeclampsia group (group B) respectively. The mean difference in weight between two g...
Nigerian Medical Journal, 2012
Barker et al reported that altered growth of the placenta was a predictor of maternal medical diseases including cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. 5 Other factors such as race and socioeconomic status also affect the placental weight. 6 Careful examination of the placenta can provide insight regarding the in utero environment of the fetus before delivery. Two standard references are endorsed by the College of American Pathologists: absolute placental weight and fetal/placental weight (F/P) ratio. 4,7,8 Clinical associations with placental weights and F/P ratio have been documented. For example, small placentas may be associated with trisomies, whereas large placentas may be associated with maternal diabetes. Disproportionately large placentas (low F/P ratio) could reflect acute placental injury resulting in villous edema or a chronic process requiring placental overgrowth, such as maternal anemia or malnutrition. Disproportionately small placentas
2016
Fetoplacental weight ratio is defined as fetal weight divided by placental weight. This ratio varies according to gestational age and depends on various disorders complicating pregnancy. This study was done in Government Maternity Hospital, Sultan bazaar, Hyderabad on 120 term patients between January 2016 to March 2016. After preliminary examination and investigations, patients were divided into 3 groups: normotensive (Group A), gestational hypertension (Group B), preeclampsia and eclampsia (Group C). Fetal weight and Placental weight was recorded on all these patients and Fetoplacental (F: P) ratio was calculated. This study aims to find out the change in F: P weight ratio in hypertensive disorders of pregnancies. This study concludes that mean weight of both fetus and placenta are both reduced and hence F: P ratio is constant even in hypertensive disorders.
A comparative study of placentas in normal and hypertensive pregnancies
Journal of the Anatomical Society of India, 2018
Placenta is an important vital organ upon which the intrauterine existence of foetus is dependent. Pregnancy complication like hypertension(PIH) is reflected in placenta and is the major cause of maternal & foetal mortality & morbidity. Objectives: 1) To study morphology and histology of placenta in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. 2) Comparison of two groups and correlation of their changes with the foetal outcome. Material & Methods: 100 placentas of patients both from normal & hypertensive group were taken for study from the labour room of Dept. of Obstetric & Gynaecology & operation theatre of Dr. PDMMH, Amravati, Maharashtra .Gross morphological features of placentas like size, surface area, weight and insertion of umbilical cord were noted. For histological studies, biopsies from each placenta of size 5 mm were taken. This was followed by fixation in 10% formal saline and further histological processing of the tissue was carried out. Observations & Results: The morphological parameters like weight, size, surface area, number of cotyledons were reduced and areas of infarction, retroplacental clot, calcification were more in hypertensive placenta than normal placenta. (p<0.005) Similarly, the histological features like increased syncytial knots, intravillous and intervillous fibrin deposition, cytotrophoblastic proliferation, hyalinised villi, atherosis were also observed in hypertensive placentas. The observed differences were statistically significant.