Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense Ehrend. (Rubiaceae)- the Polish endemic plant (original) (raw)
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Genetic diversity of Galium cracoviense, G. oelandicum and G. sudeticum (Rubiaceae)
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 2011
Galium sect. Leptogalium Lange in NE Europe is represented by few, local endemic species which occur in the area covered by the continental ice sheet in the Pleistocene period. They are: G. cracoviense Ehrend. in S Poland, G. oelandicum (Sterner & Hyl.) Ehrend. in SE Sweden and G. sudeticum Tausch in SW Poland and N Czech Republic. 55 individuals from five populations of these species were analysed using AFLP markers. A total of 193 AFLP bands were detected using three combinations of primers; out of them 159 proved polymorphic (82.4%). The lowest values of Shannon's index and Nei's gene diversity were noted for G. oelandicum and the highest ones for G. sudeticum. The results indicate a relatively high level of genetic variability in each of endemic species in spite of that the studied species occupy very small areas and are represented by a low number of populations. We conclude that additional, demographic and genetic studies are necessary to monitor potential decrease of populations' size resulting mainly from the mechanical destruction of plants and their habitats caused by intense tourism or other human activities (as agriculture, e.g. grazing).
Conservation Genetics, 2015
Galium cracoviense is a narrow endemic diploid species with a highly restricted natural range of occurrence, confined to a system of limestone outcrops in an area covering ca. 25 km 2 in southern Poland. It is an excellent example of a naturally very rare species which most probably has persisted in the same area since its divergence. We used the first exhaustive inventory of its subpopulations, range-wide fine-scale sampling and AFLP fingerprinting to examine the genetic structure of G. cracoviense. The aims of the study were to verify whether this 'old rare' species maintains high levels of genetic variation despite low population resources; to infer from the spatial pattern of genetic relatedness of individuals any limitations on dispersal and gene flow that may contribute to maintenance of its highly restricted range; and to place our results in the context of conservation strategies for G. cracoviense. Based on AMOVA and PCoA we found high genetic variation (80 % polymorphic markers) and weak divergence among subpopulations, despite the spatial isolation of subpopulations (U ST = 0.11). The high genetic variation found in most subpopulations makes them equally important reservoirs of genetic diversity. In view of the microspatial genetic structure of the subpopulations revealed by autocorrelation analyses, we recommend that if plant material or seeds of this species are collected for ex situ conservation, multiple sampling of neighboring plants (distances of the first lag in autocorrelation analysis) should be avoided so that the largest range of diversity can be covered by sampling.
Erodium paularense Fern. Gonz. & Izco (Geraniaceae) is a perennial, narrow endemic species of central Spain. Recently, three new populations have been found 160 km northwest of the first site, although the taxonomic status of the new populations has not yet been published. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to confirm that the new populations belong to E. paularense , and to evaluate the genetic diversity among individuals, populations and regions. The two regions were clearly differentiated through UPGMA , whereas significant φ ST distances between all pairs of populations were obtained by AMOVA. Genetic distances between populations were partially explained by geographical distances. The clear genetic differentiation among regions, on top of the geographical distance and differences in geological substratum, supports a taxonomical discrimination of the regions at a subspecific level.
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003
We used RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs) to investigate genetic diversity and its partition within and between three populations of Iris aphylla in Poland. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) of 84 distinct RAPD multiband genotypes revealed higher variation within populations (77.2%) than genetic differentiation between them (22.8%, P < 0.002). Values of genetic diversity indices (H) were similar in all three sites (0.21-0.24). The differentiation of the populations corresponded to low average gene flow (Nm = 0.81). Our results indicated that genetic diversity was independent of population size. We concluded that although sexual reproduction and gene flow between populations of I. aphylla were very limited, they preserved high levels of genetic diversity. Relatively large number of seeds, which migrated in the past to populations, as well as patterns of reproduction and life history of I. aphylla may explain this situation.
Genetic diversity within and among populations of a
Erodium paularense Fern. Gonz. & Izco (Geraniaceae) is a perennial, endemic species of central Spain. The restricted distribution of its three populations has made it necessary to consider measures for conservation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to determine genetic variation among and within populations. Sixty-three per cent of the bands were polymorphic. No population-specific marker was identified. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's coefficient of all the individuals grouped most of them according to the present populations. Within-population variability was of a similar order in the three populations. Highly significant genetic differences between populations were detected through A M O V A. Within population diversity contributed 80435% to the species diversity, a value typical of an outbreeding plant.
Conservation Genetics, 2018
In the Azores Islands, two Euphrasia L. (Orobanchaceae) endemic species are recognized: Euphrasia azorica H.C.Watson, an annual herb, in Flores and Corvo, and Euphrasia grandiflora Hochst. ex Seub., a semi-shrub, in Pico, São Jorge and Terceira. Both species are highly endangered and protected by the Bern Convention and Habitats Directive. A population genetics study was conducted with new microsatellite primer pairs in 159 individuals of E. azorica and E. grandifolia, sampled from populations in Flores, Corvo, Pico and São Jorge. Allele sizing suggested that E. azorica is a diploid while E. grandiflora is a tetraploid. Euphrasia grandiflora revealed higher genetic diversity then E. azorica. The E. grandiflora population of Morro Pelado in São Jorge, displayed higher genetic diversity when compared with all others, while the E. azorica population of Madeira Seca in Corvo, showed the lowest. Private and less common bands were also overall higher in E. grandiflora populations. Population genetic structure analysis confirmed a distinctiveness between the two Azorean endemic Euphrasia, in addition to island-specific genetic patterns in E. azorica. The genetic structure obtained for E. grandiflora was complex with the populations of Cabeço do Mistério in Pico Island and of Pico da Esperança in São Jorge sharing the same genetic group, while a putative spatial barrier to gene flow was still retrieved between both islands. Although some populations of both species might benefit from propagation actions, studies are needed on plant host species and translocations between islands or between some populations of a same island should be avoided, due to the occurrence of putative ESUs. Eradication of invasive species and control of grazing will be fundamental to promote in situ restauration.
Conservation Genetics, 2010
Galium catalinense (Rubiaceae) is a perennial shrub consisting of two subspecies endemic to California's Channel Islands: Galium catalinense subsp. catalinense on Santa Catalina Island, and G. catalinense subsp. acrispum, a state-endangered taxon on San Clemente Island. A long history of overgrazing by introduced herbivores has contributed to population declines in G. catalinense subsp. acrispum. We surveyed 12 populations throughout the taxon's range for genetic variation using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci to determine the genetic impact of this demographic bottleneck. At the taxon level, 65 alleles were identified with an average of 8.1 alleles per locus, although many alleles were rare; the effective number of alleles per locus averaged 2.6. Expected heterozygosity was 0.550. Individual populations had between six and eight polymorphic loci, with expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.36 to 0.60, and effective numbers of alleles ranging from 1.8 to 3.5 per locus. Populations fell into three or four genetic clusters, depending on type of analysis, which may represent refugia where the populations persisted during intense herbivory. There is little evidence of genetic bottlenecks or substantial inbreeding within populations. These findings, coupled with indications of recent migration between populations, suggest that G. catalinense subsp. acrispum is currently unlikely to be endangered by genetic factors, but small population sizes make the taxon vulnerable to future loss of genetic diversity. Management strategies based on these genetic data, population sizes, and the spatial distribution of populations are discussed.
Genetics and Molecular Research, 2018
Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) is an endemic Amazon-region species that may be subject to inbreeding, since it grows in fragmented environments. To examine this possibility, we examined the genetic diversity and population structure of three G. americana populations naturally grown in Northern Mato Grosso State using SSR markers. Sixty-four individuals were sampled from the three populations: 20 in AFL, 20 in MTP, and 24 in NBD. DNA extraction was performed according to the CTAB method, with modifications. Six SSR primers developed for the species were used. The allele frequency, the observed and expected heterozygosity, polymorphism information content), and the fixation Index were estimated. Molecular variance and principal coordinates analyses were conducted, and the most likely number of groups was inferred using the Structure software to help understand the genetic structure of the populations. The six microsatellite loci used showed 17 alleles, ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 17 (4): gmr18017 D.A.C. Ruzza et al 2 in total, ranging from 2 to 4 alleles per locus, with a mean of 2.83. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.35 to 0.67 and remained higher than the observed heterozygosity for all loci. The three populations showed genetic diversity, shared genetic material and presented high inbreeding indexes. Cluster analysis results showed genetic material sharing between populations, as well as a lack of genetic structuring among individuals according to their geographical origins. The molecular characterization revealed that the genetic diversity is higher within than between populations. The three populations had shared genetic material and a high inbreeding index due to low observed heterozygosity. This could be a consequence of the fragmented environment where these populations currently live in, since it reduces the number of G. americana individuals and can increase inbreeding.