Examining the Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Inpatient Hospital Falls: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study (original) (raw)
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Objective: To report the relationship of vegetation structure and environmental gradient and physiochemical properties of soil at Nikyal valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir . Methods: A survey of natural vegetation and soil of Nikyal valley was undertaken. Phytosociological survey was conducted by using Braun-Blanquet's approach. The study also investigated the vegetation structure and its relationship with altitude and edaphic factors. The floristic data was analyzed by cluster anlaysis, detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis using CANACOO 5.0. Results: A total of 110 plant species and 13 stands were merged into five major associations as dema rcated by cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. The associations were Olea-Pinus-Themeda association, Myrsine-Rhus-Quercus association, Quercus-Rubus-Pinus association and Quercus association. Soil organic matter, saturation, pH and altitude play the major role in distribution of species. Conclusions: The variation in vegetation structure is controlled by the altitudinal gradient and physiochemical properties of soil. These results indicate a deteriorated forest structure and reduced regeneration pattern, demanding immediate attention of forest management authorities.
2020
Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defence against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals. Soil is considered to be a habitat for living organisms, whether they are plants, animals or people. Some of them depend on their food and are considered a shelter for them, and since the subject of the study is limited to one type of organisms, which is natural plants that grow on the soil without human intervention and feed and grow on the soil. The plants varied according to the type the prevailing soil in the study area, including annual plants and permanent plants, as the natural plant in the study area is characterized by its poverty and lack of density and its types vary according to the factors and the quality of the soil and the natural plant is of great importance in protecting the soil from erosion. The natural plant works to reduce the percentage of evaporation of the ground water from the soil surface. It has a great impact on incre...
Phytosociological studies on the vegetation of Gohar Abad Valley, District Diamer (Northern Areas).
Current study focuses on quantitative description of forest vegetation and associated environmental variables of Gohar Abad Valley, District Diamer. Different sizes of quadrats were used to sample the herbs, shrubs and trees. Forest being heterogeneous in vegetation was consisting of conifers and herbaceous angiosperm plant species. Conifers were recorded abundantly from high elevation, i.e. 2600 m to 3200 m. The soil of the forest was sandy loam with pH ranging from highly acidic (4.4) to slightly alkaline (7.13). Angiospermic herbaceous vegetation commonly existed at low elevation in slightly alkaline soil while the pine tree species were present at high elevation in soil having low pH. The organic matter was normal, i.e. 1.1 to 2.23% with 26 to 45% saturation. The potassium contents were 240 to 910 ppm while phosphorous 5-15 ppm. Among the different correlations elevation/saturation was found to be highly significant (p<0.01) while the others non significant. In this study elevation, soil saturation and pH proved to be an important role in the distribution of vegetation. Deforestation, over grazing, human influence and soil erosion were found influencing the distribution and composition of vegetation.
Altitudinal Gradient of Vegetation and Soil from Gohar Abad Valley, District Diamer (Northern Areas)
2015
Current study focuses on quantitative description of forest vegetation and associated environmental variables of Gohar Abad Valley, District Diamer. Different sizes of quadrats were used to sample the herbs, shrubs and trees. Forest being heterogeneous in vegetation was consisting of conifers and herbaceous angiosperm plant species. Conifers were recorded abundantly from high elevation, i.e. 2600 m to 3200 m. The soil of the forest was sandy loam with pH ranging from highly acidic (4.4) to slightly alkaline (7.13). Angiospermic herbaceous vegetation commonly existed at low elevation in slightly alkaline soil while the pine tree species were present at high elevation in soil having low pH. The organic matter was normal, i.e. 1.1 to 2.23% with 26 to 45% saturation. The potassium contents were 240 to 910 ppm while phosphorous 5-15 ppm. Among the different correlations elevation/saturation was found to be highly significant (p<0.01) while the others non significant. In this study ele...
The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between forest vegetation and environmental gradients from some forested area of Himalayan, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges of Pakistan. Forty stands were sampled from three districts of Gilgit-Baltistan. Ward's cluster analysis for classification and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) for ordination were applied to seek the vegetation distribution and composition. Ward's cluster analysis when applied on tree species data and understory species data each give five groups and these five groups distinctly distributed on ordination plan. In cluster groups of trees Group I (a) and Group II are dominated by Pinus wallichiana, Group I (b) mono specific group of Pinus wallichiana, Group III Picea smithiana, Group IV Betula utilis and group V is consist on two mono specific stands of Abies pindrow and Juniperus macropoda. In cluster of ground flora Group I dominated by Potentilla anserine, Group II Urtica dioica, Group III Viola rupestris, and Fragaria nubicola, Group IV Cicer songaricum and Group V Bergenia stracheyi consequently. The groups of tree and understory vegetation are readily superimposed on DCA ordination plane. Classification and ordination showed similar distribution pattern of tree species as well as understory vegetation. Relationships between the ordination axes with topographic (elevation and slope) and edaphic variables (pH, TDS, Salinity, conductivity and water holding capacity) also employed. In case of tree vegetation data cluster groups among the environmental factors only edaphic factor salinity (P < 0.05) and soil nutrient K + (P < 0.05), (P < 0.05) showed positively correlated with axes 1, and axes 2, 3 correspondingly while in case of understory data cluster groups between the topographic variables elevation (P < 0.05) was found positively correlated with axes 1. While among the edaphic factors only pH (P < 0.05), (P < 0.01) was showed positively correlated with axes 2 and 3 respectively. Whereas among the soil nutrients only Fe ++ was recorded (P < 0.05) positively correlated with ordination axes 3. Both cases most of the environmental variables did not show significant correlation this may due to the anthropogenic disturbances however further studies are needed to explore the rest of parts of the said regions.
The present study was carried out in Chitral that presents a complex mosaic of trees, herbs and shrubs vegetation with a wide range of vegetation types reflecting local variations in climate, geological history, permafrost, wildlife grazing and human use. Field data on the floristic composition and vegetation structure were collected at 36 sites in the study area between 1200m to 3300m elevation asl. Tree, herb and shrub species were grouped into 19 major vegetation types using importance value index. Among the communities types 10 were of tree communities including 3 monospecific stands, while, 9 communities were of herbs and shrubs. These communities were described in quantitative terms. The results disclosed that many conifer and broad leaved forests were in bad shape due to anthropogenic factors.
A quantitative phytosociological survey was conducted to investigate the phytosciological measurements and comparative assessment of vegetation of Lolab valley, Kupwara. The study area was divided into six sites as per altitudinal gradient; the present study describes vegetation diversity along an altitudinal gradient in different study sites of the Lolab valley. The altitude of the study sites ranged from 1650 to 3841 m ASL. The vegetation with dbh of at least 10cm was measured. Phytosociological attributes of plant species were studied by randomly laying 60 quadrats of 30×30 m size. Plant diversity was evaluated using different diversity indices and the study revealed that the heighest diversity indices value for site-B (Simpson = 0.6598 and Shannon = 1.0883) and minimum for site-F (Simpson = 0.2275 and Shannon = 0.338). On the basis of Importance value index, Cedrus deodara was the most abundant species of the area fallowed by Pinus excelsa and the third associated species was Abies pindrow which was also reported the second associated tree species in the site having elevation range of 2106 to 2938 m (Site D). The result clearly indicates that elevation gradient plays vital role in the distribution of conifer species as well. Keywords: Altitudinal gradient, Diversity indices, Vegetation, Phytosciology, Lolab valley.
WCS’s National Journal of Interdisciplinary Research Volume. 1, Issue 1, April 2015, PP.1-13, 2015
A quantitative phytosociological survey was conducted to investigate the phytosciological measurements and comparative assessment of vegetation of Lolab valley, Kupwara. The study area was divided into six sites as per altitudinal gradient; the present study describes vegetation diversity along an altitudinal gradient in different study sites of the Lolab valley. The altitude of the study sites ranged from 1650 to 3841 m ASL. The vegetation with dbh of at least 10cm was measured. Phytosociological attributes of plant species were studied by randomly laying 60 quadrats of 30×30 m size. Plant diversity was evaluated using different diversity indices and the study revealed that the heighest diversity indices value for site-B (Simpson = 0.6598 and Shannon = 1.0883) and minimum for site-F (Simpson = 0.2275 and Shannon = 0.338). On the basis of Importance value index, Cedrus deodara was the most abundant species of the area fallowed by Pinus excelsa and the third associated species was Abies pindrow which was also reported the second associated tree species in the site having elevation range of 2106 to 2938 m (Site D). The result clearly indicates that elevation gradient plays vital role in the distribution of conifer species as well.
Phytosociological parameters of hills around Pune city, Pune
International Journal of Botany Studies Vol. 6(2): Page No. 560-567, 2021
Phyto-sociological and floristic studies are widely recognised as being important in acquiring base-line data for the planning and management of any area. The most significant step in vegetation studies is to collect reliable and quantitative field data. This was done in the field by adopting the sampling technique as suggested by Braun-Blanquet (1932). The phyto-sociological surveys for suburban vegetation were undertaken on the hills (total 10) surrounding Pune city During present investigations, a qualitative and detailed quantitative data on the ecological relationships of 90 woody species was acquired. Out of total species the native species represents 68 % and exotics 22%. These species were distributed on the hills. Though, the native species were more in number than exotics, however, few exotic species were most abundantly found and planted. Altogether 2316 numbers of individual were reported from the sampling plots. Phyto-sociological studies were carried out on the 10 hills namely ARAI, Baner, Bhopdev ghat, Chaturshringi, Fergusson College, Kothrud, Parvati, Sutarwadi, University and Vetal. Overall, 124 quadrates of size 15 m X 15 m were plotted. Each and every tree in the quadrate is sampled along with GPS and studied for various Phytosociological parameters. Overall, the hills have represented fairly heterogeneous vegetation throughout the study area. In general, the plant community structure was Gliricidia sepium (IVI 1262.04)-Dalbergia melanoxylon (141.32)-Acacia catechu (133)-Azadirachta indica (114.8)-Leucaena leucocephala (91.69)-Acacia leucophloea(87.17)…. Hence, to understand the status of vegetation on hills the field work was carried out. The phyto-sociological methods have been employed and the essential phyto-sociological parameters were analysed.