Cocaine in blood of coca chewers (original) (raw)
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Cocaine and metabolites in the hair of ancient Peruvian coca leaf chewers
Forensic Science International, 1993
Cocaine and its metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BZE) and ecgonine methylester (EME), were found in hair samples from ancient Peruvian coca-leaf chewers dating back to AD 1000. Hair was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GUMS) to quantitate the concentrations. The two metabolites were found in higher concentration than the parent drug. The metabolite levels appear to be below that of modern cocaine abusers. Gender does not appear to be a factor in the incorporation of drug into hair.
Transformation of Coca to Cocaine: An Overview of Traditional Drug Use and Modern Drug Abuse
2023
This research paper briefly reviews the complex relationship between traditional use of coca and the consumption of the recreational drug, cocaine. A review of the history of coca production and utilization in the Andean region of South American illustrates the bio-social evolution of this plant. Coca leaves also have long played a significant role in the local economy and ritual practice. Alternatively, cocaine's history and modern position as an illegal narcotic has a different impact on individuals, society, and the global economy. This paper reviews the role that both "drugs" play in terms of the health and lifestyle effects on the respective consumers.
International journal of legal medicine, 2015
Contrary to the illegal use of any form of manufactured cocaine, chewing of coca leaves and drinking of coca tea are allowed and are very common and socially integrated in several South American countries. Because of this different legal state, an analytical method for discrimination between use of coca leaves and abuse of processed cocaine preparations is required. In this study, the applicability of hair analysis for this purpose was examined. Hair samples from 26 Argentinean coca chewers and 22 German cocaine users were analysed for cocaine (COC), norcocaine (NC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ecgonine methyl ester (EME), cocaethylene (CE), cinnamoylcocaine (CIN), tropacocaine (TRO), cuscohygrine (CUS) and hygrine (HYG) by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in combination with triplequad mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). The following concentrations (range, median, ng/mg) were determined in hair of the coca chew...
Coca Leaf Chewing: a Public Health Assessment*
Addiction, 1978
Scientific interest and controversy has long surrounded the Andean practice of coca-leaf chewing. Recent research indicates that chronic chewing produces lasting brain function changes that show u# as a cognitive deficit. This article reviews that work as well as current theories concerning the habit's other possible medical effects.
Early Holocene coca chewing in northern Peru
Antiquity, 2010
Chewing coca in South America began by at least 8000 cal BP: our authors found and identified coca leaves of that date in house floors in the Nanchoc Valley, Peru. There were also pieces of calcite — which is used by chewers to bring out the alkaloids from the leaves. Excavation and chemical analysis at a group of neighbouring sites suggests that specialists were beginning to extract and supply lime or calcite, and by association coca, as a community activity at about the same time as systematic farming was taking off in the region.