A review of the impact of parking policy measures on travel demand (original) (raw)

The effectiveness of parking policies to reduce parking demand pressure and car use

Transport Policy, 2019

Evaluating the effectiveness of parking policies to relieve parking demand pressure in central areas and to reduce car use requires an investigation of traveler responses to different parking attributes, including the money and time costs associated with parking. Existing parking studies on this topic are inadequate in two ways. First, few studies have modelled parking choice and mode choice simultaneously, thus ignoring the interaction between these two choice realms. Second, existing studies of travel choice behavior have largely focused on the money cost of parking while giving less attention to non-price-related variables such as parking search time and egress time from parking lot to destination. To address these issues, this paper calibrates a joint model of travel mode and parking location choice, using revealed-preference survey data on commuters to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, a large university campus. Key policy variables examined include parking cost, parking search time, and egress time. A comparison of elasticity estimates suggested that travelers were very sensitive to changes in egress time, even more so than parking cost, but they were less sensitive to changes in search time. Travelers responded to parking policies primarily by shifting parking locations rather than switching travel mode. Finally, our policy simulation results imply some synergistic effects between policy measures; that is, when pricing and policy measures that reduce search and egress time are combined, they shape parking demand more than the sum of their individual effects if implemented in isolation.

Framework and Model for Parking Decisions

The development of such models commonly includes administration of surveys to collect data on individual travel preferences. The data collected are then used to identify the influential variables that will be incorporated into the model. Different parking choice models have been proposed in the literature. They can be classified with respect to the modeling approach, decision type, number of decisions modeled, and the data collection method [i.e., stated preference (SP) versus revealed preference (RP)]. Most parking models address mode-of-travel choices and parking characteristics (6-8) rather than the choice between parking alternatives. In addition, most research has considered parking choice as a stand-alone decision rather than as a component in a broader behavioral framework. The following paragraphs summarize selected parking type choice models that have been studied.

Influence of Parking on Location and Mode Choice: A Stated-Choice Survey

2012

This paper assesses the effects of parking availability on behavioral responses by travelers, and which approaches are appropriate for modeling those responses. In addition to the well-known trade-offs between travel times and fuel or transit ticket costs, parking search times and costs have a significant impact on travelers' decisions. A stated choice study of parking, location, and mode choice was conducted to assess those choices.

An Analysis of Discrete Stated Responses to Parking Pricing Based Transportation Control Measures

The realization that one can no longer build out of congestion while preserving the urban environ- ment has led to an increasing interest in the potential application of transportation control mea- sures (TCM) for curbing travel demand. One such TCM that is being considered by transportation planning agencies around the country is parking pricing where parking prices and/or taxes are imposed in an attempt to encourage travelers (and more specifically, commuters) to consider alter- native modes of transportation. However, very little data and information is available on the poten- tial impacts of parking pricing based transportation control measures and the secondary and tertiary impacts in people's travel pattern that they may bring about. As such, there is a need in the transportation planning community for data on how parking pricing based TCM's may impact travel behavior and commuting patterns. This presentation is aimed at filling this critical planning need by providing...

Choice of parking: Stated preference approach

Transportation, 1991

Over recent years, parking policy has become a key element of transport policy in many countries. Parking policy measures can affect many different dimensions of travel behaviour but are likely to be most significant in terms of travellers' choice of parking type and location. This dimension of travel choice has, to date, received comparatively little attention, yet is of vital importance if we are to properly understand and predict the effects of parking policy measures.

Effects of Parking Provision on Automobile Use in Cities: Inferring Causality

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2016

Many cities include minimum parking requirements in their zoning codes and provide ample parking for public use. However, parking is costly to provide and encourages automobile use, according to many site-specific studies. At the city scale, higher automobile use is linked to traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and negative health and safety impacts, but there is a lack of compelling, consolidated evidence that large-scale parking increases cause automobile use to rise. In this study, the Bradford Hill criteria, adopted from the field of epidemiology, were applied to determine whether increases in parking should be considered a likely cause of citywide increases in automobile use. Prior research and original data from nine U.S. cities dating to 1960 were relied on. It was found that an increase in parking provision from 0.1 to 0.5 parking space per person was associated with an increase in automobile mode share of roughly 30 percentage points. It was also demonstrated tha...