Household smoking restrictions among urban residents in China: individual and regional influences (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2013
Objective: To evaluate the association between smoke-free regulations in public places and secondhand smoke exposure and related beliefs, awareness, attitudes, and behavior among urban residents in China. Methods: We selected one city (Hangzhou) as the intervention city and another (Jiaxing) as the comparison. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection, and implemented at two time points across a 20-month interval. Both unadjusted and adjusted logistic methods were considered in analyses. Multiple regression procedures were performed in examining variation between final and baseline measures. Results: Smoke-free regulations in the intervention city were
Tobacco advertising, environmental smoking bans, and smoking in Chinese urban areas
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2012
Objectives: To evaluate whether cigarette smoking in Chinese urban areas was respectively associated with exposure to tobacco advertising and smoking bans in households, workplaces, and public places. Methods: Participants were 4735 urban residents aged 15 years and older, who were identified through multi-stage quota-sampling conducted in six Chinese cities. Data were collected on individual sociodemographics and smoking status, and regional tobacco control measures. The sample was characterized in terms of smoking prevalence, and multilevel logistic models were employed to analyze the association between smoking and tobacco advertising and environmental smoking restrictions, respectively. Results: Smoking prevalence was 30%. Multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that smoking was positively associated with exposure to tobacco advertising, and negatively associated with workplace and household smoking bans. Conclusions: The association of smoking with both tobacco advertising and environmental smoking bans further justifies implementation of comprehensive smoking interventions and tobacco control programs in China.
Who smokes in smoke-free public places in China? Findings from a 21 city survey
Health education research, 2015
Efforts toward controlling secondhand smoke in public places have been made throughout China. However, in contrast to the western world, significant challenges remain for effectively implementing smoke-free regulations. This study explores individual and regional factors which influence smoking in smoke-free public places. Participants included 16 866 urban residents, who were identified through multi-stage sampling conducted in 21 Chinese cities. The reported smoking prevalence in smoke-free public places was 41.2%. Of those who smoked in smoke-free public places, 45.9% had been advised to stop smoking. Participants stated that no-smoking warnings/signs with 'please' in the statement had a better likelihood of gaining compliance and preventing smoking in public spaces. Multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that ethnicity, education, occupation, type of smoking, age of smoking initiation, smoking situation, stress, household smoking restrictions and city population ...
2017
Background: While exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is alarmingly high in China, little is known about variance of SHS exposure across Chinese cities. This study is designed to systematically assess SHS exposure and perceived health risks of tobacco use in five Chinese cities. Methods: The TQS was a subset of key questions from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Target population was non institutionalized adult residents age 15 and above in urban areas. Multi stage cluster sampling was applied to select 2,500 individuals from each city. Results: Across all five cities, bars, restaurants, workplaces, and homes had the highest rates of SHS exposure. While SHS exposure in public transportation was low, it was high in schools, universities, government buildings and healthcare facilities. Importantly, significant variations exist in SHS exposure across cities. Regarding perceived health risks of SHS exposure, the vast majority of survey respondents believed SHS exposure can cause l...
Individual and city-level determinants of secondhand smoke exposure in China
International journal of health geographics, 2015
Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure is a severe public health problem, especially in low and middle countries, but no studies have examined both individual and city-level variables influencing exposure. A cross-sectional multistage sampling design was used to survey subjects from 21 cities in China. Using a standardized questionnaire individual level information was collected. City-level variables were retrieved from the National Bureau of Statistics database. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to assess SHS exposure variation at both the individual and city level. SHS exposure prevalence among non-smokers was 28.1 % (95 % CI 27.1-29.0). At the individual level lower educational attainment and income and higher exposure to tobacco advertising were associated with higher SHS exposure. On the other hand richer cities, and those with more anti-smoking media news coverage, had less SHS exposure. The presence of city smokefree regulations was unrelated to exposure. Given its h...
Cross-sectional survey on cigarette smoking in Chinese high-income areas
BMJ Open
ObjectiveTo evaluate smoking status and its influencing factors in high-income areas of China.DesignCross-sectional.SettingHigh-income areas in China.Participants4064 persons aged 15 years or older from the survey results in Global Adult Tobacco Survey-China 2018.MethodsGross national income data were used to determine China’s high-income economic regions, and the results of the survey in Global Adult Tobacco Survey-China 2018 were used for statistical analysis.ResultsA total of 4064 people were included in our study, including 881 current smokers, 2884 who had never smoked and 299 who had quit smoking. Using the standardised rate method, the standardised smoking rates in high-income and non-high-income areas in China were calculated to be 23.56% and 27.77%, respectively. Men, high school education or below, knowledge of e-cigarette information, permission to smoke at home and people with poor smoking health literacy are the main influencing factors of smokers in high-income areas o...
BMJ Open, 2020
ObjectivesTo assess the levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure before and after the implementation of the Tobacco Free Cities (TFC) initiative.DesignCity-wide representative, cross-sectional surveys (Tobacco Questions for Surveys, TQS) were conducted in each participating city before and after the implementation of TFC.SettingFive large Chinese cities (Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Xiamen and Xi’an) participated in the TFC initiative.ParticipantsA total of 10 184 adults participated in the 2015 TQS survey, and 10 233 adults participated in the 2018 TQS survey, respectively.InterventionsThe TFC initiative, which included targeted media campaigns, educational programmes, implementing city-wide smoke-free policies and providing cessation interventions, was implemented in these five cities between 2015 and 2018.Main outcomeSelf-reported past 30-day (P30D) SHS exposure in indoor workplaces, restaurants and homes.Data analysisThe pre-TFC and post-TFC SHS exposure levels were compared amon...
Correlates of household smoking bans among Chinese Americans
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2006
No population-based data are available on the degree to which Chinese Americans have adopted smoke-free household policies and whether these policies are effective in reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. The present study examines the prevalence of smoke-free home rules among Chinese Americans living in New York City, describes predictors of adopting full smoking bans in the home, and explores the association between household smoking restrictions and ETS exposure at home. In-person interviews using a comprehensive household-based survey were conducted with 2,537 adults aged 18-74 years. Interviews were conducted in Mandarin, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. A total of 66% of respondents reported that smoking was not allowed inside the home, 22% reported a partial ban on smoking in the home, and 12% reported no smoking ban. Among current smokers, 38% reported a full household smoking ban. Current smoking status was the strongest predictor of less restrictive household smoking policies. Knowledge of the dangers of ETS, support of smoke-free air legislation, years in the United States, gender, income, and marital status also were associated with household smoking bans. Those living with a total household smoking ban were significantly less likely to report 30-day exposure to ETS than were those living in homes with a partial ban or no ban (7% vs. 68% and 73%, respectively). In homes of smokers and nonsmokers alike, exposure to ETS remains high. Smoke-free home rules and interventions among smokers and nonsmokers to raise awareness of the dangers of ETS have the potential to significantly reduce exposure to household ETS among this immigrant population.