Pensions at a glance: public policies across OECD countries (original) (raw)
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Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 2021
When U.S. presidential candidates misrepresent the facts, their claims get discussed across media streams, creating a lasting public impression. We show this through a public performance: the 2020 presidential debates. For every five newspaper articles related to the presidential candidates, President Donald J. Trump and Joseph R. Biden Jr., there was one mention of a misinformation-related topic advanced during the debates. Personal attacks on Biden and election integrity were the most prevalent topics across social media, newspapers, and TV. These two topics also surfaced regularly in voters’ recollections of the candidates, suggesting their impression lasted through the presidential election.
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Seizure Detection in Epileptic EEG Using Short-Time Fourier Transform and Support Vector Machine
International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 2021
Epilepsy is the most common form of neurological disease. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the main tool in the observation of epilepsy. The detection and prediction of seizures in EEG signals require multi-domain analysis, one of which is the time domain combined with other approaches for feature extraction. In this study, a method for detecting seizures in epileptic EEG is proposed using analysis of the distribution of the signal spectrum in the time range t. The EEG signal which includes normal, inter-ictal and ictal is transformed into the time-frequency domain using the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Simulations were carried out on varying window length, overlap and FFT points to find the highest detection accuracy. The frequency distribution and first-order statistics were then calculated as feature vectors for the classification process. A support vector machine was employed to evaluate the proposed method. The simulation results showed the highest accuracy of 92.3% us...
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Overcoming Vulnerabilities of Pension Systems
Demographic developments are unfavourable for the financing of pension schemes in most OECD countries, implying continued growth in pension expenditure in virtually all OECD countries. This paper examines the vulnerability of pension systems, with an emphasis on financial sustainability and adequacy. Policy trade-offs and complementarities are reviewed and flanking policies which could underpin successful pension reforms are examined. Automatic adjustment mechanisms are highlighted, as are the roles of prudential regulation and buffer or reserve funds in the case of shocks. Pension system vulnerability indicators are presented for all OECD countries, and the challenges and vulnerabilities of pensions systems in the BRIICS countries are reviewed.
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