Towards an ecosystem approach to policy process: insights from the sustainable livelihoods and ecosystem health approaches (original) (raw)
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THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS APPROACH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT
This paper has covered from the evolution of the theory through to the definition, principles, key proponents, the sustainable livelihoods framework, strengths and limitations of the theory. The sustainable livelihood approach is an example of an approach founded on good theory driven by an understandable desire to link intervention to evidence. SLA is typically being done as a means of informing an intervention and that intending participants benefit. This makes an appreciation of desired change and how best to bring it about, a vital consideration.
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In rural areas, especially in low and middle-income countries, livelihoods have to diversify to include new on- and off-farm activities. However, sustainable livelihood concepts have so far not sufficiently accommodated transition dynamics. Mostly, rural livelihoods and sustainability transitions are addressed separately in the scientific literature. The aim of this review paper is to explore opportunities to integrate the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) and the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) on transitions. We provide an overview of the SLA and MLP. We then focus on the conceptual linkages between SLA and MLP, in particular regarding livelihood diversification strategies. Our review shows that the conceptual overlaps of the SLA and the MLP allow for a meaningful combination of both approaches to harness their respective strengths. Vulnerabilities from the SLA perspective (e.g. shocks, trends, changes) are considered at the landscape level in MLP. Policies, institutions, processes in SLA are part of ‘regime’ in the MLP heuristic. The livelihood diversification in SLA, e.g. the development of new on- and off-farm activities, can be described as niches in MLP. Some empirical work on agricultural transitions from the MLP perspective has adopted a territorial approach to take into consideration the pluri-activity of farms and the interactions between different subsystems (food, energy and tourism). This resonates well with the idea of livelihood diversification as a strategy in SLA. We conclude that integrating SLA and MLP will help to better understand livelihood diversification processes and we provide a preliminary proposal for a livelihood transition framework.