Determination of Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), Benzyl Butyl Phthalate (BBP) and Bis (2-ETHYLHEXYL) Phthalate (Dehp) in Soft Plastic Toys and the First Survey of the Bulgarian Market (original) (raw)
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Phthalates in Toys Available in Indian Market
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2011
Twenty four children’s toys and child care articles available in the local market of India were analyzed for eight phthalates as children toys are plasticized with phthalates. All toy samples showed the presence of one or more phthalates including di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (96% of the samples), di-iso-nonyl phthalate and di-iso-decyl phthalate (42% of the samples) at a concentration ranging from 0.1% to 16.2%. Soft toys contain higher levels of phthalates as compared to hard toys as primary function of phthalates is softening of hard plastic materiel.
2012
The phthalate esters contents of children toys were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Understanding the distribution of ubiquitous phthalate esters in plastic products were necessary because of their subtle toxicity to humans. The phthalate esters were obtained using liquid-liquid extraction procedure, after which the extracts were cleaned up using solid phase clean up technique, and finally analyzed by HPLC. Results revealed that the toy samples contained high concentrations of phthalate esters. For dimethyl-, diethyl-, diphenyl, and dibutyl-phthalates, baby suckers toy mean values (µg/g) of 44.56 ± 1.14, 3.29 ± 0.03, 225.73 ± 3.16, and 47.94 ± 0.62 were recorded while truck toys have mean values (µg/g) of 278.81 ± 2.84, 175.32 ± 2.00, 41.01 ± 1.23, and 89.20 ± 1.21, respectively. A soft colorful rabbit with carrot toy showed mean values (µg/g) of ND, 217.79 ± 1.39, 60.86 ± 1.38, and 1625.25 ± 25.3. Mean values (µg/g) of ND, 387.50 ± 3.54, 7.84 ± 0.06, N...
2013
Twenty four children’s toys and child care articles available in the local market of India were analyzed for eight phthalates as children toys are plasticized with phthalates. All toy samples showed the presence of one or more phthalates including di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (96% of the samples), di-iso-nonyl phthalate and di-iso-decyl phthalate (42 % of the samples) at a concentration ranging from 0.1 % to 16.2%. Soft toys contain higher levels of phthalates as compared to hard toys as primary function of phthalates is softening of hard plastic materiel.
Phthalates content in children´s toys in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2019
Phthalates are compounds of synthetic origin, most commonly used as additives for various plastic masses to improve their mechanical properties, especially softness, flexibility, transparency, stretch and durability. From public health point of view, the most important toy safety asspect is in toys intended for children aged up to three years old, that are mostly made of plastic. Phthalates from plastic masses can affect the reproductive gland, whose disorder can lead to early puberty of girls and feminization of boys. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the list of phthalates with their concentrations limits is defined by Regulation of restriction of placing on market for toys and products for children wich contant phthalates. The method used in the analysis of phthalate esters is the standardized ISO method BAS EN 14372:2013, based on gas chromatography with mass detector. Of total 73 samples sampled in the four-year period (2015-2018) and analyzed on presence of phthalates, 30 tested samples (21.9%) were not in accordance with Regulation of restriction of placing on market for toys and products for children wich contain phthalates, they had phthalate concentrations greater than 0.1% of the total weight of the toy. Based on the results obtained in this paper, we can conclude that a large percentage of children's toys in territory of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contain increased concentrations of phthalates, and that this percentage is in harmony with average number of defective samples in the European.