Selective binding of pyrene in subdomain IB of human serum albumin: Combining energy transfer spectroscopy and molecular modelling to understand protein binding flexibility (original) (raw)
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Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications II, 2008
2-pyridone (2Py) and 3-pyridone (3Py) were examined in different solvents and their binding to human serum albumin (HSA) was studied using steady-state spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence. Solvation of 2Py and 3Py by water was examined in binary mixtures of 1,4-dioxane and water. Analysis of the absorption and fluorescence data reveals the solvation of the hydrogen bonding center in 2Py by one water molecule and in 3Py by three water molecules. A zwitterionic tautomer of 3Py is formed in water and shows distinct absorption peaks from the absorption of the neutral tautomer. Fluorescence of 3Py was observed in polar solvents only, whereas 2Py is fluorescent in polar and nonpolar solvents. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of 2Py in different solvents indicate less solute-solvent interaction in nonpolar solvents. This observation was confirmed by the measured longer fluorescence lifetime of 2Py in cyclohexane compared to that in water. The mechanism of binding of 2Py and 3Py as probe ligands to HSA was investigated by following the intensity change and lifetime of HSA fluorescence after excitation at 280 nm. The presence of 2Py and 3Py causes a reduction in the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of HSA. This observation indicates that subdomain IIA binding site (Sudlow site I) is the host of the probes and the reduction in the fluorescence of HSA is due to energy transfer from the Trp-214 residue to the probe in each case. The distance between Trp-214 and each of the probes was calculated using Förster theory for energy transfer to be 1.99 nm for HSA/2Py and 2.44 nm for HSA/3Py. The shorter distance in the former complex indicates more efficient energy transfer than in the latter. This was confirmed by estimating the quenching rate constant (k q ) in each complex. k q was calculated to be 1.44 x 10 12 M -1 s -1 for HSA/2Py and 3.45 x 10 11 M -1 s -1 for HSA/3Py. The calculated distances and the k q values indicate a static quenching mechanism operative in the two complexes. The binding constants were estimated to be K = (3.4 ± 0.4) x 10 4 M -1 for the HSA/2Py complex and K = (2.3 ± 0.3) x 10 4 M -1 for the HSA/3Py complex. The number of binding sites of HSA was calculated to be one in both complexes. The latter results, along with the quenching results, indicate that both probes, 2Py and 3Py, bind only in Sudlow site I in subdomain IIA.
ACS Omega
In this report, the interaction between a phenanthrene−pyrenebased fluorescent probe (PPI) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), a transport protein, has been explored by steady-state emission spectroscopy, fluorescence anisotropy, far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD), time-resolved spectral measurements, and molecular docking simulation study. The blue shift along with emission enhancement indicates the interaction between PPI and BSA. The binding of the probe causes quenching of BSA fluorescence through both static and dynamic quenching mechanisms, revealing a 1:1 interaction, as delineated from Benesi−Hildebrand plot, with a binding constant of ∼10 5 M −1 , which is in excellent agreement with the binding constant extracted from fluorescence anisotropy measurements. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°, as determined from van't Hoff relationship indicate the predominance of van der Waals/extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions for the binding phenomenon. The molecular docking and site-selective binding studies reveal the predominant binding of PPI in subdomain IIA of BSA. From the fluorescence resonance energy transfer study, the average distance between tryptophan 213 of the BSA donor and the PPI acceptor is found to be 3.04 nm. CD study demonstrates the reduction of α-helical content of BSA protein on binding with PPI, clearly indicating the change of conformation of BSA.
Interaction between 1-pyrenesulfonic acid and albumin: Moving inside the protein
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2019
Due to the high sensitivity to alterations in microenvironment polarity of macromolecules, pyrene and its derivatives have long been applied in biosciences. Human serum albumin (HSA), besides its numerous physiological functions, is the main responsible by transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds in the circulatory system. Here, a comprehensive study was carry out to understand the interaction between HSA and the pyrene derivative 1pyrenesulfonic acid (PMS), which showed a singular behaviour when bound to this protein. The complexation of PMS with HSA was studied by steady state, time-resolved and anisotropy fluorescence, induction of circular dichroism (ICD) and molecular docking. The fluorescence quenching of PMS by HSA was abnormal, being stronger at lower concentration of the quencher. Similar behaviour was obtained by measuring the ICD signal and fluorescence lifetime of PMS complexed in HSA. The displacement of PMS by site-specific drugs showed that this probe occupied both sites, but with higher affinity for site II. The movement of PMS between these main binding sites was responsible by the abnormal effect. Using the holo (PDB: ID 1A06) and apo (PDB: ID 1E7A) HSA structures, the experimental results were corroborated by molecular docking simulation. The abnormal spectroscopic behaviour of PMS is related to its binding in different regions in the protein. The movement of PMS into the protein can be traced by alteration in the spectroscopic signals. These findings bring a new point of view about the use of fluorescence quenching to characterize the interaction between albumin and ligands.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
This work aimed to investigate the interaction of bovine serum albumin with newly synthesized potent new pyrene derivatives (PS1 and PS2), which might prove useful to have a better antibacterial character as found for similar compounds in the previous report [Low et al. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2014, 12, 2269−2284]. However, to date, binding studies with plasma protein are still unknown. Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and lifetime fluorescence studies show that the static interaction binding mode and binding constants of PS1 and PS2 are 7.39 and 7.81 [K b × 10 5 (M −1)], respectively. The experimental results suggest that hydrophobic forces play a crucial role in interacting pyrene derivatives with BSA protein. To verify this, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict the nature of the interaction and the dynamic behavior of the two compounds in the BSA complex, PS1 and PS2, under physiological conditions of pH = 7.1. In addition, the free energies of binding for the BSA-PS1 and BSA-PS2 complexes were estimated at 300 K based on the molecular mechanics of the Poisson− Boltzmann surface (MMPBSA) with the Gromacs package. PS2 was found to have a higher binding affinity than PS1. To determine the behavior of the orbital transitions in the ground state geometry, we found that both compounds have similar orbital transitions from HOMO−LUMO via π → π* and HOMO−1−LUMO+1 via n → π*, which was included in the FMO analysis. A cytotoxicity study was performed to determine the toxicity of the compounds. Based on the MD study, the stability of the compounds with BSA and the dynamic binding modes were further revealed, as well as the nature of the binding force components involved and the important residues involved in the binding process. From the binding energy analysis, it can be assumed that PS2 may be more active than PS1.
Reporters, Markers, Dyes, Nanoparticles, and Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications II, 2010
The drug-binding site subdomain IIA of human serum albumin (HSA) was characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy using 7-hydroxyquinoline (7-HQ) as a local reporter. The spectra of 7-HQ in solution indicate that a ztitterionic tautomer is stabilized by water in the ground state and produces a unique absorption peak at 400 nm and a fluorescence peak at 510 nm. By examining the spectral change in binary mixtures of water and 1,4-dioxane, three water molecules were estimated to stabilize this tautomer through direct interactions with the polar regions of the molecule. When 7-HQ is mixed with HSA, a reduction in the absorbance of the zwitterionic tautomer was observed which indicates a less polar environment around the molecule. The 7-HQ molecule is found to specifically bind in subdomain IIA of HSA and causes a reduction in the fluorescence intensity of the Trp-214 residue which is located in the same binding site. The reduction in the fluorescence of Trp-214 is due to energy transfer from the Trp-214 residue to the 7-HQ probe. The distance between Trp-214 and the probe was calculated using Förster theory for energy transfer to be 1.95 nm. This distance and the calculated quenching rate constant using a Stern-Valmer plot (k q = 3.04 x 10 12 M -1 s -1 ) both point to a static quenching mechanism. The binding constant and the number of binding sites of the complex were also estimated and the calculations show that the 7-HQ probe binds only in subdomain IIA. The change in the fluorescence intensity of HSA in the presence of the probe indicates that the 7-HQ molecule selectively interacts with the Trp-214 residue which results in partial unmasking of the fluorescence due to the Tyr-263 residue (located in the same site). A much stronger fluorescence from Tyr-263 is observed when HSA is chemically unfolded by 6.0 M GdnHCl. 7-HQ is found to still bind in subdomain IIA in the unfolded state of HSA and causes a reduction in the fluorescence intensities of both Trp-214 and Tyr-263. The present results propose 7-HQ as a useful photophysical probe in studying binding sites in proteins and exploring their hydrophobic environment.
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2009
In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of newly synthesized bioactive compound 3-pyrazolyl 2-pyrazoline (PZ) with model transport proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and human serum albumin (HSA) employing steady state and time-resolved fluorescence technique. We have focused on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between excited tryptophan in transport proteins to transport-proteins-bound PZ. An efficient Förster-type resonance energy transfer from the tryptophan residues to PZ indicates that PZ binds in the vicinity of the tryptophan residue. Binding of protein to that bioactive compound without changing conformation of primary and secondary structure of protein has been monitored using circular dichroism (CD) study.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008
Subdomain IIA binding site of human serum albumin (HSA) was characterized by examining the change in HSA fluorescence in the native, unfolded, and refolded states. The study was carried out in the absence and presence of small molecular probes using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. 2-Pyridone, 3-pyridone, and 4-pyridone bear similar molecular structures to those found in many drugs and are used here as probes. They are found to specifically bind in subdomain IIA and cause a reduction in the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the Trp-214 residue in native HSA which is located in the same subdomain. The efficiency of energy transfer from Trp-214 fluorescence to the probes was found to depend on the degree of the spectral overlap between the donor's fluorescence and the acceptor's absorption. After probe binding in subdomain IIA, the distance between the donor and acceptor was calculated using Fö rster theory. The calculated quenching rate constants and binding constants were also shown to depend on the degree of spectral overlap. The results point to a static quenching mechanism operating in the complexes. Denaturation of HSA in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) starts at [GdnHCl] > 1.0 M and is complete at [GdnHCl] g 6.0 M. Upon unfolding, two fluorescence peaks were observed. One peak was assigned to the fluorescence of Trp-214 in a polar environment, and the other peak was assigned to tyrosine fluorescence. A reduction of the fluorescence intensity of the two peaks upon binding of the probes to the denatured HSA indicates that Tyr-263 in subdomain IIA is one of the tyrosine residues responsible for the second fluorescence peak. The results were confirmed by measuring the fluorescence spectra and lifetimes of denatured HSA at different excitation wavelengths, and of L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine free in buffer. The measured lifetimes of denatured HSA are typical of tryptophan in a polar environment and are slightly reduced upon probe binding. Dilution of the denatured HSA by buffer results in a partial refolding of subdomain IIA. This partial refolding is attributed to some swelling of the binding site caused by water. The swelling prevents a full recovery from the denatured state.
Journal of Fluorescence, 2007
Determination of binding parameters such as the number of ligands and the respective binding constants require a considerable number of experiments to be performed. These involve accurate determination of either free and/or bound ligand concentration irrespective of the measurement technique applied. Then, an appropriate theoretical model is used to fit the experimental data, and to extract the binding parameters. In this work, the interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS) is revisited. Using steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, the binding isotherm of BSA/ANS was obtained applying the Halfman-Nishida approach. The binding parameters, site number, and binding site association constants, were determined from the stoichiometric Adair model and Job's plot. The binding parameters obtained were then correlated to the distance of the respective binding site to the tryptophan residues using the energy transfer technique. This approach, that uses both tryptophans independently from each other, is presented as a tool to help understand the binding mechanism of the albumin fluorescent complex. The results show that ANS molecules bind to BSA in up to five different binding sites. Energy transfer from the tryptophan residues to the BSA/ANS complex shows that the four highest affinity binding sites (>10 4 M −1) are located at a reasonably close distance (18-27 Å) to at least one of two tryptophan residues, while the lowest affinity binding site (~10 4 M −1) is located over 34 Å away from the both tryptophans.
The interaction between pyrano [3, 2-f] quinoline derivatives (TPQ) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied using spectroscopic techniques. The TPQ quench the fluorescence of BSA through dynamic quenching. According to Van't Hoff equation, the thermodynamic parameters were calculated and which indicated hydrogen bonds and van der waals forces played a prime role in stabilizing the BSA–TPQ complexes. Also, the average binding distance (r) and the critical energy transfer distance (R o) between TPQ and BSA were also evaluated according to Förster's non-radiative energy transfer (FRET) theory. What is more, UV-visible and circular dichroism results showed that the addition of TPQ changed the secondary structure of BSA and led to a reduction in content α-helix (%) content. It was also observed that TPQ shows cell staining property to the cultured HeLa cell line. Theoretical docking study of interaction between BSA and TPQ also supported the experimental results. All the results suggested that BSA experienced substantial conformational changes induced by TPQ; this may be useful to study synthetic organic molecules for their application as pharmaceuticals.