The effect of non-marine HUFA supplementation with fish oil removal on growth and survival of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (original) (raw)
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Replacement of fish meal by protein soybean concentrate in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp
Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2015
The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei fed different levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of soybean protein concentrate (63.07% crude protein, CP) to replace fish meal-by product (61.24% CP). The study was conducted in clear water in fifteen 800 L tanks equipped with aeration systems, constant heating (29 ºC), and daily water exchange (30%). Each tank was stocked with 37.5 shrimp/m 3 (3.03±0.14 g). Feed was supplied four times a day, at 6% of the initial biomass, adjusted daily. After 42 days, the weight gain of shrimp fed diets with 0 and 25% protein replacement was higher than that observed in shrimp fed 100% replacement, and there were no differences among those fed the other diets. Feed efficiency and survival did not differ among shrimp fed different protein replacements. There was a negative linear trend for growth parameters and feed intake as protein replacement with soybean protein concentrate increased. Fish meal by-product can be replaced by up to 75% of soybean protein concentrate, with no harm to the growth of Pacific white shrimp.
2018
Of potential protein sources, conventional soybean meal produced through traditional solvent extraction procedures has received the most attention among terrestrial plant sources, considering its well-balanced amino acid profile, worldwide availability, low price and consistent composition. Solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) is generated using different varieties of soybeans grown under a range of conditions and then processed at different crushing plants. Due to its competitive cost and availability, it is a popular plant based protein source for shrimp feed formulations. However, limited information exists about the effects of variations in the nutritional composition of soybean meal generated in different geographical regions of the world on growth performances of shrimp. Presence of anti-nutritional factors is often referenced as one of the major drawbacks of SBM, which may limit its inclusion level in animal feeds. In response, various processing strategies were developed over time to diminish the adverse characteristics of traditional SBM. Despite the higher manufacturing cost, inclusion levels of these new SBM products in to aquatic animal feed formulations can still be limited due to the different sensitivities of fish/shrimp and/or due to the secondary negative characteristics caused during the processing methods. Hence, the present study was designed with two objectives, 1) to determine the effects of different soy bean meals sourced from different geographical locations in the world and 2) differently processed SBM on growth performances of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei is the most important cultured shrimp species (more than 90%) in Americas (Cuzon et al. 2004) due to its rapid growth rates, good survival in high-density, disease resistance (Cuzon et al. 2004), relatively low dietary protein requirements, and adaptability to wide ranges of salinity and temperature (Moss et al. 2007, Rocha et al. 2010, Lightner et al. 2009). Outside its native range (Eastern Pacific coast from Gulf of California, Mexico to Tumbes, North of Peru), Pacific white shrimp continues to be an important species for world aquaculture, accounting for 85% of total shrimp production in China (Li and Xiang 2013) and 80% of the farmed shrimp production in the world (Panini et al. 2017). The aquaculture production of shrimp and most of the other species (70% cultured species) depends on the provision of nutrients in the form of industrially produced compounded feed. As this industry continues to expand so does the demand for feed production, which is currently growing at an average annual rate of 10.3% per year since 2000, and expected to grow to 65.4 million tonnes by 2020 and 87.1 million tonnes by 2025 (Tacon and Metian 2015). In general, commercial shrimp feeds contain 30-50% crude protein, which is the most expensive component of the diet (Lim and Dominy 1990, Mente et al. 2002) and one of the major nutrient required for maintenance and growth of shrimp (Shiau 1998). The minimum protein requirements for shrimp to maintain optimal performance varies depending on age or size of shrimp, quality of dietary protein (essential amino acid profiles and digestibility), availability of alternative food sources, water chemistry, environmental parameters, and culture management practices (D'Abramo and Sheen 1994, Venero 2006). Fishmeal was the main protein source used in traditional aquaculture feed formulations, consuming approximately 68% of fishmeal production in world (Tacon and Metian 2015, Mallison 2013). This is not only due to its excellent amino acid profile, palatability and digestibility, but also because fish meal is a source of nucleotides, essential fatty acids, phospholipids, minerals, and fat soluble and water soluble vitamins (Tacon et al. 2009, Dersjant-Li 2002). Because of static supply, increasing demand, price and ethical issues, average dietary fish meal inclusion levels within compound feed for shrimp has been steadily declining (from around 28 to 7%) and it is expected that total usage will decrease by 37.7% from 2006 to 2020 (Tacon and Metian 2008). Fishmeal is no longer the primary protein source, but more of a strategic ingredient used in less price-sensitive phases in the culture cycle (Jackson 2012). Of protein sources, solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) received the most attention of terrestrial plant sources (Amaya et al. 2007b) considering its well-balanced amino acid profile, advantage of being resistant to oxidation and spoilage, worldwide availability, low price and consistent composition (Dersjant-Li 2002, Swick et al. 1995, Amaya et al. 2007c, Davis and Arnold 2000, Gatlin et al. 2007). Although SBM is available worldwide and widely used in shrimp and fish diet formulations, information on the complete nutritional profile of SBM sourced from different locations is limited and effects of differences in nutritional profile on production performances of shrimp or fish is not known. Palmer et al. (1996), Verma and Shoemaker (1996) and Van Kempen et al. (2002) indicated that the location of production could affect the growth characteristics, yield and nutritional value of SBM because of genetic variability among soybeans and several other factors, which are used to make the meal. However, all SBM follow the
The use of concentrates and other soy products in shrimp feeds
Soy products have continued to be employed in a range aquaculture feeds, principally because they provide an acceptable source of amino acids at a very reasonable price. Advances in processing have led to the production of higher protein content soy products, namely soy protein concentrate (SPC) and protein isolate, which are manufactured by selective removal of carbohydrates. The protein level of these ingredients is similar to that of standard fish meal, although there are some important differences in amino acid profile. This paper discusses the use of soy products, especially SPC, in aquaculture feeds, and describes work conducted with SPC in diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Two growth trials were conducted to ascertain the ability of SPC to replace fish meal in shrimp diets. One trial was conducted indoors with flow-through water for eight weeks. In this trial, SPC replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of high quality fish meal with and without supplemental lysine (other indispensable amino acids were supplemented to all diets). In the second experiment, fish meal was replaced completely by either corn gluten meal or SPC. No amino acids were supplemented in any of these diets. In the first trial, it was found that SPC could replace up to 75% of fish meal, although supplementation of lysine improved overall shrimp performance at 25 and 50% fish meal replacement. In the outdoor system, the final weight of shrimp fed the diet with complete replacement of fish meal by SPC was not significantly different than the control, even without indispensable amino acid supplementation. The result of this work indicates the
Use of new soybean varieties in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014
This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of eight sources (designated A-H) of soybean meal (SBM) which included six new non-genetically modified soya varieties in practical feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, using both growth and digestibility trials. A soybean meal-based reference diet was formulated using conventional soybean meal (527 g kg À1 diet), which was then replaced on an isonitrogenous basis with various other experimental soybean meals. In a 6-week growth trial, shrimp in four replicate tanks per dietary treatment (10 shrimp per tank, initial weight 0.52 AE 0.04 g) were cultured in a recirculating system. There were no significant differences with respects to per cent weight gain and survival across all dietary treatments; however, final weights and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were lower in shrimp offered diet 3. Apparent digestibility coefficients for the eight (A-H) different soybean meals were determined in L. vannamei for dry matter (ADMD), gross energy (ADE) and crude protein (ADP) using 10 g kg À1 chromic oxide as inert marker with 70 : 30 replacement techniques. Coefficients ranged from 71.3% to 88.3%, from 76.6% to 91.3% and from 93.6% to 99.8%, for ADMD, ADE and ADP, respectively. Improved digestibility values were observed in soybean C which was characterized by crude protein (471 g kg À1 ), crude fat (97 g kg À1 ), low cooking temperature (180°C), higher nitrogen solubility index (689 g kg À1 ) and protein dispersibility index (619 g kg À1 ). This indicates that new lines of soybean meal can be used to improve digestibility coefficients in shrimp feeds.
International Aquatic Research
Different levels of dietary soybean meal (SBM) as a fish meal (FM) replacer, with and without amino acid supplementation, for whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in the biofloc system was examined in eight weeks of feeding trial. Eight experimental diets consisted of a basal diet with 0% FM replacement by SBM provided in clear sea water without biofloc system (S 0 SW), four diets replacing FM at 0% (S 0), 33% (S 33), 67% (S 67) and 100% (S 100) by SBM, and three diets replacing FM at 33% (S 33 A), 67% (S 67 A) and 100% (S 100 A) by SBM supplemented with amino acids (methionine and lysine) in the seawater biofloc system. Results of water quality analyses showed significantly lower total suspended solids and nitrate for S 0 SW group than all other treatments. Diets S 0 and S 33 A resulted in higher weight gain and specific growth rate among all groups, with no significant differences with S 33 group. In addition, whole-body protein and amino acid compositions of shrimp fed S 0 SW were lower than most biofloc groups. Haemolymph parameters showed significant differences in total protein, cholesterol and triglyceride between groups S 0 and S 0 SW. Also, superoxide dismutase activity showed a decreasing trend with increasing replacement level. In conclusion, based on these results, SBM could replace up to 33% of FM with or without amino acid supplementation in juvenile whiteleg shrimp diets reared in the biofloc system.
Replacement of soybean meal protein in fish meal diet in organic marine shrimp feed
Asian Journal of Food and Agro- …, 2009
Organic shrimp is the main export product of the National Organic Agriculture Development Plan in Thailand. However, organic shrimp farming is limited by high price of the organic feeds which in turn limits the total protein level and protein sources. To solve this problem and to develop a management system for organic marine shrimp feed for black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), a trial was conducted to replace the current of 25% fermented soybean meal protein with 100% of fish meal diet. After rearing shrimp in a cage for 30 days with the different test diets, the final growth, ADG and survival rates were compared. In addition, evaluation of fish meal replacement using soybean meal as protein source was conducted in the laboratory scale for 30 days to compare growth, survival rate, digestibility and percentage of protein in shrimp muscle. The results show there were no significant differences of shrimp ADG growth performance and survival rate among the test diets in cage culture experiment. The laboratory experiment confirmed that 25% fermented soybean replacement was equally effective to 100% fish meal diets for shrimp growth and performance, although the survival rate is lower. No significant differences in shrimp digestibility were measured between the soybean meal replacement and fish meal diets. However the protein in shrimp muscle which received fish meal diet was higher than soybean meal replacement diet. These results demonstrate that soybean meal of at least 25% can be replaced by fish meal protein source in practical organic shrimp feed without compromising production and economic performance of As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2009, Special Issue, S175-S181 176 black tiger shrimp. The governmental sector should increase research to improve the use of organic feeds using alternative plants as combination protein sources for replacement fish meal in diet at difference levels. This will be lead to reduce cost of production and increase sustainable agriculture activity in Thailand.
The feasibility of substituting soybean meal for ¢sh-meal diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (0.35 AE 0.01g) was evaluated, and an adequate substitution level was determined. Five diets were evaluated using 46%, 59%, 75%, 88% and 100% substitution levels. Pellet water stability was signi¢cantly a¡ected by dietary soybean content (Po0.05). Increased soybean content produced lower pellet stability, ranging from a dry matter loss of 14^ 22% after a 2-h immersion, and 20^33% after an 8-h immersion. After 52 days, signi¢cant di¡erences (Po0.05) were found in shrimp weight, feed conversion ratio and protein e⁄ciency ratio. The values were 0.64^1.06 g, 2.8^7.9 and 0.45^1.21, respectively, for the three measurements. Overall, better results were obtained with diets where soybean meal was substituted for ¢shmeal up to 75%. The 100% soybean meal diet resulted in poor growth performance of shrimp. Survival rates were acceptable for all treatments (90% or higher) and no signi¢cant di¡erences were found in survival between treatments. Regression analysis using the broken-line methodology indicated that 76.5 AE 2% is an optimum soybean substitution level in diets that contained ¢shmeal and soybean as the major protein sources for grow-out of juvenile white shrimp.
Aquaculture Nutrition, 2018
Two feeding experiments were carried out to evaluate the utilization of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The digestibility experiment was assessed with four diets: a reference diet and three ingredient test diets containing FSBM, local and Chilean fishmeal. The growth experiment was conducted including four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated to contain the graded levels of dietary fishmeal (0 g/kg, 150 g/kg, 300 g/kg and 450 g/kg) substituted by FSBM. The results indicated that ADCs of crude protein in FSBM were high (888.4 g/kg) and equal in local fishmeal but little lower than Chilean fishmeal while without any significant differences observed in ADCs of crude lipid among the different test ingredients. After 75 days of growth trial, survival rates and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among the experimental treatments. However, shrimp fed the diets with increasing inclusions of FSBM had a tendency to reduce weight gain and specific growth rate. Based on the correlation between weight gain and substituted fishmeal level analysed by broken-line regression, the optimum level of fishmeal replaced by FSBM in diet was 253.6 g/kg without adverse effects on growth and feed utilization of Pacific white shrimp.
Aquaculture Research, 2007
The feasibility of substituting soybean meal for fishmeal diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti (0.35±0.01 g) was evaluated, and an adequate substitution level was determined. Five diets were evaluated using 46%, 59%, 75%, 88% and 100% substitution levels. Pellet water stability was significantly affected by dietary soybean content (P<0.05). Increased soybean content produced lower pellet stability, ranging from a dry matter loss of 14–22% after a 2-h immersion, and 20–33% after an 8-h immersion. After 52 days, significant differences (P<0.05) were found in shrimp weight, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The values were 0.64–1.06 g, 2.8–7.9 and 0.45–1.21, respectively, for the three measurements. Overall, better results were obtained with diets where soybean meal was substituted for fishmeal up to 75%. The 100% soybean meal diet resulted in poor growth performance of shrimp. Survival rates were acceptable for all treatments (90% or higher) and no significant differences were found in survival between treatments. Regression analysis using the broken-line methodology indicated that 76.5±2% is an optimum soybean substitution level in diets that contained fishmeal and soybean as the major protein sources for grow-out of juvenile white shrimp.