Arthropods, 2015, Vol. 4, Iss. 1 (original) (raw)
Related papers
2015
In three study sites in the Michoacan State, Mexico, we tested five behavioral chemicals: Pityol, 4 Allylanisole, Verbenone (3M MEC), Conophthorin and Hexenol, in several field trials mixed at six combinations or treatments as posible repelents for females of Conophthorus conicolens W and Conophthorus teocotum W. Beetle-host tree combinations included these two cone bores species on cones of Pinus pseudostrobus (Lidl), the first, and on Pinus teocote (Schl & Cham) the second ones, baited previously with five semiochemicals, including the only case of Verbenone (3 M Mec) which was sprayed alone on healthy green cones of second year growing free from the presence of cone borers and previously to fly period of scolitids as at all other treatments. Cones baited with the combination of semiochemicals P+4AA+V besides these sprayed with Verbenone were less attacked and obviously distinctibily. Moreover, cones baited only with Pityol and adding Verbenone as a spray periodically, the effect ...
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2015
Verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) is an antiaggregant of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a notable forest insect capable of causing extensive levels of tree mortality in western North America. Several formulations of verbenone are registered for tree protection, but failures in efficacy are not uncommon, particularly when applied during large infestations. A formulation of (-)-verbenone was developed (Specialized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology [SPLAT] Verb, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, CA) and evaluated for protecting individual lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon, and small stands of P. contorta from mortality attributed to D. ponderosae. SPLAT Verb applied to individual P. contorta resulted in complete tree protection, while 93.3% mortality occurred in the untreated controls. Significantly fewer P. contorta were killed by D. ponderosae within 0.041-ha circular plots surrounding P. contorta treated with SPLAT Verb compared with the untreated control. In a second study, a smaller percentage of P. contorta were colonized and killed on 0.4-ha square plots treated with SPLAT Verb compared with the untreated control. No significant differences in levels of tree mortality were observed between the untreated control and another formulation of verbenone (7-g pouch) or between the 7-g pouch and SPLAT Verb. In a trapping bioassay, no significant differences were observed among captures in multiple-funnel traps at 1, 2, or 4 m from the point of release of SPLAT Verb. Significantly fewer D. ponderosae were collected at 1 and 2 m compared with 8 m. Significantly more D. ponderosae were captured at the farthest distance evaluated (16 m) than at any other distance. Our data indicate that SPLAT Verb is effective for protecting individual P. contorta and small stands of P. contorta from mortality attributed to D. ponderosae at moderate doses. The high levels of tree protection observed are attributed to the ability of applying release points (dollops) at high densities, and a larger zone of inhibition than reported for other formulations of verbenone. SPLAT Verb was registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on pines, Pinus spp., in 2013.
Effect of insecticides on two predators of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Florida Entomologist, 1997
A BSTRACT The effect of insecticides currently used in commercial eggplant fields to control the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) on two egg predators, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer and Chysoperla carnea (Stephens) was evaluated. Mortality from contact exposure to leaf residues, topical applications, and ingestion of contaminated eggmasses was compared for the following insecticides: esfenvalerate alone and in combination with piperonyl butoxide (PBO); oxamyl; PBO; and rotenone alone and in combination with PBO. Topical exposure and feeding studies were conducted using concentrations 1.00, 0.90, 0.80, 0.70, 0.60, 0.50, 0.40, 0.30, 0.20, and 0.10X the maximum labeled dose; leaf exposure studies were conducted using concentrations 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25X the maximum labeled dose. Mortality of C. maculata adults and larvae from topical exposure was high after 48 h of exposure for all chemicals and doses. Mortality from topical exposure was low for C. carnea larvae in all cases when compared to PBO alone. Mortality from exposure to leaf residues was low in all cases for C. maculata adults but varied, depending on dose and chemical, for both C. maculata and C. carnea larvae. For all treatments, ingestion of treated eggs negatively affected the feeding and survival of C. maculata adults and larvae and C. carnea larvae. Esfenvalerate combined with PBO had the greatest effect on C. maculata adults; rotenone combined with PBO had the greatest effect on C. maculata larvae ; esfenvalerate combined with PBO affected C. carnea larvae the most.
Semiochemical Sabotage: Behavioral Chemicals for Protection of Western Conifers From Bark Beetles
The discovery and elucidation of volatile behavioral chemicals used by bark beetles to locate hosts and mates has revealed a rich potential for humans to sabotage beetle host-finding and reproduction. Here, we present a description of currently available semiochemical methods for use in monitoring and controlling bark beetle pests in western conifer forests. Delivery systems include hand-applied methods, such as semiochemical-releasing bubblecaps, pouches, and "puffers," as well as products that can be applied by aircraft such as semiochemical-releasing flakes. Descriptions of both attractant-based ("pull") and anti-attractant-based ("push") strategies are provided. Examples are provided for the major bark beetle pests in western North America, including the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte), the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins), the spruce beetle [Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)], and the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens LeConte),. Logan, J.A. 1998. Silvicultural control of mountain pine beetle: prescriptions and the influence of microclimate. American Entomologist. 44: 166-177. Amman, G.D.; Thier, R.W.; Weatherby, J.C.; Rasmussen, L.A.; Munson, A.S. 1991. Optimum dosage of verbenone to reduce infestation of mountain pine beetle [Dendroctonus ponderosae] in lodgepole pine [Pinus contorta var. latifolia] stands of central Idaho. Res. Pap. INT-RP-446. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 6 p.
Chemoecology, 2008
Antennae of six sympatric bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytidae), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte), Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff, Ips mexicanus (Hopkins), Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier, and Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim), and two scolytid predators, Enoclerus sphegeus (F.) (Cleridae) and Lascontonus tuberculatus Kraus (Colydiidae), were analyzed by gas chromatographicelectroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) for their responses to synthetic Ips spp. pheromone components, and host and nonhost volatiles. The beetles emerged from cut logs of pitch canker-infected Monterey pine trees, Pinus radiata D. Don. There were significant disparities in EAD response patterns to the hemiterpene and monoterpene alcohol pheromone components that are typically produced by Ips spp. Antennae of I. p. maritimus responded strongly to (AE)-ipsdienol, (AE)-ipsenol, amitinol, and lanierone; antennae of I. mexicanus responded strongly to (1S,2S)-(-)-cis-verbenol, with weaker responses to (AE)-ipsdienol, (AE)-ipsenol, and amitinol; antennae of H. tenuis responded to (1S,2R)-(-)-trans-verbenol, with less pronounced responses to (-)-cis-verbenol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol; and antennae of D. valens, G. retusus, and P. sericeus generally responded to all Ips spp. pheromone components except 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (D. valens and G. retusus) and E-myrcenol (G. retusus and P. sericeus). Ips mexicanus responded only to the (-)-enantiomers of ipsenol and ipsdienol, whereas I. p. maritimus responded to (-)-ipsenol, but to both the (+)-and (-)-enantiomers of ipsdienol. The antennae of the two predaceous insects (E. sphegeus and L. tuberculatus) responded to a range of the Ips spp. pheromone components. Host monoterpenes elicited no antennal responses from E. sphegeus, G. retusus, H. tenuis, and I. mexicanus, but several monoterpenes elicited various levels of responses from D. valens and I. p. maritimus antennae. Interestingly, antennae of female D. valens responded to (-), but not (+)-limonene. a-and b-Pinene elicited weak responses from L. tuberculatus antennae. EAD responses to selected nonhost volatiles were almost identical among the six scolytid species, with trans-conophthorin eliciting the strongest response in most cases, followed by three C 6alcohols and two C 8 -alcohols. The antennal responses by most of these species to linalool or geranylacetone were very weak; (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and benzyl alcohol elicited almost no response. The response pattern of P. sericeus to nonhost volatiles differed slightly from the rest of the scolytids: a strong response to linalool, weaker response to the C 8 -alcohols. The two predaceous Coleoptera generally had weak, but detectable, responses to nonhost volatiles, except for a relatively strong response to trans-conophthorin by L. tuberculatus. No notable differences in EAD responses were observed between males and females of the two Ips spp. Our results provide an electrophysiological baseline for future efforts to identify attractive and repellent semiochemicals (aggregation pheromones, host kairomones, or nonhost interruptants) for this guild of scolytids and their key predators that are associated with moribund and pitch canker-infected P. radiata.
Semiochemical Disruption of the Pine Shoot Beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Environmental Entomology, 2004
The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), is an exotic pest of pine in North America. We evaluated blends of semiochemical disruptants, which included nonhost volatiles and verbenone, for their ability to disrupt attraction of T. piniperda to traps baited with the attractant ␣-pinene and to Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., trap logs. In Michigan and in Ontario, Canada, a single blend of nonhost volatiles alone [comprised of 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 3-octanol, and 1-octen-3-ol] or the nonhost volatile blend combined with verbenone signiÞcantly reduced attraction of T. piniperda to attractant-baited traps by 68 Ð77%. Similarly, verbenone plus the nonhost volatile blend or a similar blend without 1-octen-3-ol also signiÞcantly reduced attack density of T. piniperda on pine trap logs by 56 Ð74% in both Michigan and Ontario. Although relative responses between the different blends were slightly different between Michigan and Ontario, the recommended operational disruptant consisted of 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 3-octanol, and verbenone.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2015
Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an important pest of potato throughout the world. Here, the effects of six potato cultivars including 'Arinda,' 'Sprit,' 'Markiez,' 'Lotta,' 'Santae,' and 'Agria' were studied on nutritional indices, digestive enzymes, and some components involved in intermediary metabolism of L. decemlineata. Nutritional indices of the larvae and the adults were significantly different followed by feeding on various potato cultivars. The individuals fed on Agria showed the highest activity of digestive proteases although cathepsin B demonstrated same Activity on Santae and Lotta. The highest activity of a-amylase was found in the larvae fed on Arinda, but the adults demonstrated the highest amylolytic activities on Santae and Agria. Both larvae and adults of L. decemlineata fed on Santae revealed the highest aand b-glucosidase activities. No significant differences were found in lipase activity of larvae, but the highest lipase activity was found in the adults fed on Santae. The highest activities of transaminases were found in the larvae and adults fed on the Agria except for c-glutamyl transferase. In case of aldolase, the highest activities were observed in the larvae and adults fed on Santae and Sprit. The highest activities of lactate dehydrogenase were obtained in the larvae and adults fed on Santae. The highest amount of low-density lipophorin was measured in both individuals fed on Santae. There were no significant differences in high-density lipophorin amount of adults, but the highest value was found in the larvae fed on Agria. The lowest amounts of protein and triglyceride were observed in both individuals fed on Santae and Agria, respectively. These results revealed Santae is the most suitable cultivar for L. decemlineata based on digestion and intermediary metabolism findings, but Lotta is an unsuitable cultivar and could be considered for integrated pest management.