Cationic Poly(2-aminoethylmethacrylate) and Poly(N-(2-aminoethylmethacrylamide) Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity (original) (raw)
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Nanotechnology, science and applications, 2017
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as promising candidates for a number of bio-applications. Surface modification of CNCs continues to gain significant research interest as it imparts new properties to the surface of the nanocrystals for the design of multifunctional CNCs-based materials. A small chemical surface modification can potentially lead to drastic behavioral changes of cell-material interactions thereby affecting the intended bio-application. In this work, unmodified CNCs were covalently decorated with four different organic moieties such as a diaminobutane fragment, a cyclic oligosaccharide (β-cyclodextrin), a thermoresponsive polymer (poly[N-isopropylacrylamide]), and a cationic aminomethacrylamide-based polymer using different synthetic covalent methods. The effect of surface coatings of CNCs and the respective dose-response of the above organic moieties on the cell viability were evaluated on mammalian cell cultures (J774A.1 and MFC-7), using 3-(4,5-dimethylthi...
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2014
A controlled preparation of cellulose nanocrystals of different sizes and shapes has been carried out by acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose. The size-and concentration-dependent toxicity effects of the resulting cellulose nanocrystals were evaluated against two different cell lines, NIH3T3 murine embryo fibroblasts and HCT116 colon adenocarcinoma. It could serve as a therapeutic platform for cancer treatment.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2010
Probing of cellular uptake and cytotoxicity was conducted for two fluorescent cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs): CNCfluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and newly synthesized CNC-rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC). The positively charged CNC-RBITC was uptaken by human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells without affecting the cell membrane integrity. The cell viability assay and cell-based impedance spectroscopy revealed no noticeably cytotoxic effect of the CNC-RBITC conjugate. However, no significant internalization of negatively charged CNC-FITC was observed at physiological pH. Indeed, the effector cells were surrounded by CNC-FITC, leading to eventual cell rupture. As the surface charge of CNC played an important role in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity, facile surface functionalization together with observed noncytotoxicity rendered modified CNC as a promising candidate for bioimaging and drug delivery systems.
Journal of Materials Science, 2019
Nanocomposite scaffolds of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with 1, 2 and 3% (wt) of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were produced by thermally induced phase separation. CNC presented an average length of 91 ± 26 nm and average diameter of 7 ± 1 nm, determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and X-ray microtomography showed porous morphology with interconnected pores, porosity between 41 and 77% and micron-sized CNC dispersion along the samples. Pore distribution after introducing CNC was less regular with an average reduction of 37% in the porosity. The compression modulus was improved about 28% for PHBV/1% CNC, 25% for PHBV/2% CNC and 63% for PHBV/3% CNC. Mouse fibroblasts attached and proliferated better on PHBV/CNC scaffolds surface than on neat PHBV or tissue culture plate controls. After 10 days of cell culture, PHBV/2% CNC sample enhanced cell proliferation with 42%, compared to neat PHBV. Therefore, the addition of CNC can improve both compressive modulus and cell proliferation, making the composite scaffold a potential candidate for tissue engineering.
Journal of Renewable Materials, 2019
Although nanocomposites have recently attracted special interest in the tissue engineering area, due to their potential to reinforce scaffolds for hard tissues applications, a number of variables must be set prior to any clinical application. This manuscript addresses the evaluation of thermo-mechanical properties and of cell proliferation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) films and their bionanocomposites with 2 wt% of CNC obtained by casting technique. Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Balsa wood by acid hydrolysis were used as a reinforcing phase in PBAT and PCL matrix films. The films and pure CNC at different concentrations were cultured with osteoblasts MG-63 and the cell proliferation was assessed by AlamarBlue ® assay. The thermal-mechanical properties of the films were evaluated by dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). It was found by DMTA that the CNC acted as reinforcing agent. The addition of CNCs in the PBAT and PCL matrices induced higher storage moduli due to the reinforcement effects of CNCs. The cell viability results showed that neat CNC favored osteoblast proliferation and both PBAT and PCL films incorporated with CNC were biocompatible and supported cell proliferation along time. The nature of the polymeric matrix or the presence of CNC practically did not affect the cell proliferation, confirming they have no in vitro toxicity. Such features make cellulose nanocrystals a suitable candidate for the reinforcement of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering and biomedical applications.
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2019
One of the most recent robust global trends in vogue is the extraction of nanostructured materials from cellulose to employ their improved properties to develop innovative high-value biocomposite materials with new advanced functionalities. [7-10] Cellulose, a ubiquitous biomaterial, is considered an inexhaustible source of feedstock that matches the worldwide trend for green and biocompatible products, [11-13] being a very attractive source of materials because of its availability, biodegradability, and renewable origin. Nowadays, cellulose represents about 50% of natural biomass, being biosynthesized from lower to higher plants, sea animals, bacteria, and fungi, with a yearly production estimated to be around 10 tons. [11,14-16] Due to the large number of commercial application possibilities and other miscellaneous applications, the cellulose market is related to their efficient fabrication at affordable quantity and quality. In 2015, one report from Market-Intell LCC stated that the worldwide market for products incorporating cellulosic nanotechnology in 2014 was around 250million,andwasexpectedtoreachavalueof250 million, and was expected to reach a value of 250million,andwasexpectedtoreachavalueof3 trillion in 2019. [17] Currently, there are several commercial entities producing nanocellulose crystallites at capacities beyond plant scale, that is, CelluForce, Canada (production capacity of 1000 kg day −1), American Process, United States (500 kg day −1), Holmen (Melodea), Sweden (100 kg day −1), Alberta Innovates, Canada (20 kg day −1) and another with lower capacity (US Forest Products Lab, Blue Goose Biorefineries, India Council for Agricultural Research, and FPInnovations). These promising characteristics go along with the environmental awareness and demand for sustainable plant-based raw materials for a rational and eco-friendly economy, also contributing to diminishing adverse environmental impacts and the reuse of industrial waste. [1] The submicromaterials market, which encompasses microfibrillated cellulose and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), is also expanding, with consolidated companies like Paperlogic (2000 kg day −1) and the University of Maine, United States (1000 kg day −1). [17] Cellulosic fibers can be subjected to acid hydrolysis and produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) or cellulose nanowhiskers: needle-shaped nanometric or rod like particles. The use of a diversified CNC extraction process or other manufacturing steps led to different properties, such as average diameter (D), length (L), aspect ratio (L/D), crystallinity index, and thermal stability. [1,9,18-25] In addition, numerous research facilities are producing nanocellulose, and several new labs and pilot plants have been announced. [17] Cellulose monocrystals impart an attractive arrangement of biophysicochemical characteristics, such as low toxicity, stiffness, lightweight, low thermal expansion, gas impermeability, thermal stability, hydrophilic absorbent, adaptable surface chemistry, and remarkable mechanical and optical properties, like high tensile strength and elasticity, optical transparency, and anisotropic behavior. In addition, CNCs are capable to selforganize and produce materials with improved appearance, thermal properties, and barrier performances. [13,26-29] These properties can be exploited in numerous fields, including the pharmaceutical industry and regenerative medicine, [13] with the development of new formulations and drug delivery systems, such as emulsions, [30-34] liposomes, [35] aerogels and hydrogels, [36-40] DNA hybrid nanomaterials, [41] polymeric films, [42-46] adhesives and coatings, [47] packaging applications, [48-52] tissue Bruna Luíza Pelegrini is a master in pharmaceutical sciences from the University of Maringá (UEM, Brazil). She has developed research at the Instituit des Molécules et Matériaux du Maine
Materials, 2019
The aim was to isolate cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from commercialized oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose nanofibre (CNF) through sulphuric acid hydrolysis and explore its safeness as a potential nanocarrier. Successful extraction of CNC was confirmed through a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transmission infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry analysis. For subsequent cellular uptake study, the spherical CNC was covalently tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), resulting in negative charged FITC-CNC nanospheres with a dispersity (Ð) of 0.371. MTT assay revealed low degree cytotoxicity for both CNC and FITC-CNC against C6 rat glioma and NIH3T3 normal fibroblasts up to 50 µg/mL. FITC conjugation had no contribution to the particle’s toxicity. Through confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), synthesized FITC-CNC manifested negligible cellular accumulation, indicating a poor non-selective adsorptive endocytosis into stud...
Vascular and Blood Compatibility of Engineered Cationic Cellulose Nanocrystals in Cell-Based Assays
Nanomaterials, 2021
An emerging interest regarding nanoparticles (NPs) concerns their potential immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory activities, as well as their impact in the circulatory system. These biological activities of NPs can be related to the intensity and type of the responses, which can raise concerns about adverse side effects and limit the biomedical applicability of these nanomaterials. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a library of cationic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in the human blood and endothelial cells using cell-based assays. First, we evaluated whether the cationic CNCs would cause hemolysis and aggregation or alteration on the morphology of red blood cells (RBC). We observed that although these nanomaterials did not alter RBC morphology or cause aggregation, at 24 h exposure, a mild hemolysis was detected mainly with unmodified CNCs. Then, we analyzed the effect of various concentrations of CNCs on the cell viability of human umbilical vei...
2019
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