Calquing English Terminology into Polish (original) (raw)
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COGNITIVE STUDIES | ÉTUDES COGNITIVES, 2017
The Dictionary of Active Polish and Ukrainian Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukraińskiej] is the first publication of its kind in the history of Polish and Ukrainian lexicography. It consists of equivalent phrasal units in Polish and Ukrainian. The innovative aspect of the lexicon is that it uses a semantic metalanguage to establish equivalent units. The authors developed a new method of searching for equivalent units which uses the meaning — not the form — as the starting point. This method enables the identification of equivalent units in both languages. Moreover, it enables the identification of units that do not have equivalents. The units which lack equivalents are usually deeply rooted in Poland’s or Ukraine’s historical and cultural context, and are thus defined as culturemes. Even though they lack equivalents, it was decided not to exclude them from the Leksykon’s structure, as they are actively used by the speakers of Polish and Ukrainian. This paper provides an overview of the Leksykon’s methodology and presents the authors’ definition of phraseologism. The most important points in the paper are illustrated with a number of example entries from the dictionary. The primary focus of the paper rests on phrasal units which lack equivalents.
Polish Loanwords in English Revisited
2021
The impact of the Polish language on the English lexical fabric, although unimpressive, is worth noticing. However, thus far it has not been a source of interest of many scholars. The present paper aims at discussing Polish loanwords that have found their way into the English language; this is done by means of collecting alleged loanwords from an array of sources (dictionaries, subject literature, and the Internet) which are later verified against, inter alia , such etymological dictionaries as the Oxford English Dictionary . Next, in order to assess their scale of use, selected items are checked in a number of corpora available online. The research concludes that there are 33 direct borrowings from the Polish language (belonging to 8 semantic categories) present in English, and nearly half of them are yet unattested in the OED .
East European Studies, 2011
The paper makes reference to existing linguistic work on the subject of lexicalization and grammaticalization. These phenomena are described in the text on the basis of Polish linguistic material. The morphological plane of language is set as the main point of reference, while the description is done from a diachronic perspective. Formal criteria, referring to the techniques by means of which the described changes take place (composition, clipping, fossilization of the phrase), as well as the semantic changes being the effect of said changes (generalization, specialization of meaning), are taken into consideration in the comparison. Two terms are described in the final part of the paper: degrammaticalization and delexicalization, both of which do not yet have an unequivocal definition in linguistic literature. It is proposed to limit the understanding of grammaticalization to the following type of changes: grammatical element > less grammatical > lexical; while the term delexicalization is to be used in reference to folk etymology.
96. Foreign word-formation in Polish
Word-formation. An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe. Eds. Peter O. Müller, Ingeborg Ohnheiser, Susan Olsen, Franz Rainer, Berlin. De Gruyter Mouton, 1679-1696., 2015
The initial section provides an historical overview of lexical borrowings in Polish. The following two sections of this article outline important aspects of the subject-matter defined in its title: the role of the word-formation system of Polish in the process of loan adaptation and the criteria for recognizing a given item as a synchronic derivative with a foreign element. The third section presents a synthetic description of simple derivatives and compounds with foreign elements active in word-formation processes; it focuses on the dynamic aspects of foreign word-formation in Modern Polish. The final section discusses various types of phenomena that illustrate the impact of the tendency towards lexicon internationalization on the role played by foreign word-formation in the Polish language of the late 20 th and early 21 st century. The discussion will focus on nouns (the vast majority of which were borrowed at different times from different languages).
The onset of Professor Jacek Fisiak's scholarly career is marked by his 1961 Ph.D. dissertation devoted to the lexical influence of English upon Polish. This study, conducted 55 years ago, offers a multilayered analysis and sets the standards of studies on lexical transfer from English to Polish for the years to come. The present article is a tribute to Fisiak's first scholarly endeavor; it examines the fate of lexical items comprising Fisiak's corpus in the second decade of the 21 st century. More specifically, by conducting searches in the National Corpus of Polish as well as a Google search, the paper checks which borrowings to the Polish language listed and scrutinized by Fisiak gained popularity, which fell out of use, and which underwent semantic changes.
Some Aspects of Semantic Representation of Polish
The paper concerns some methods of semantic analysis of Polish determiners which can be used in Machine Translation. First, a brief summary of traditional approaches to the semantics of Polish noun phrases is presented together with a short discussion. The difference between reference and quantification is argued to be important for proper understanding of some phenomena. Next, a unified model for quantification and reference proposed by Hess is presented and discussed. The outline of a new solution called multidimensional model, based in its origins on the Hess model, is presented. The model is based on the notions of class, object and presupposition and attempts to formalise the interface between the semantics and the pragmatics of Polish noun phrases. Finally, the possibility of application of the multidimensional model to Machine Translation and Natural Language Processing in general is discussed. STRESZCZENIE W poniższej pracy przedstawiono metody analizy semantycznej określnik...
Jezikoslovlje, 2015
The present book, a revised version of Wojciechowska's 2009 Ph. D. Thesis (written under the supervision of Prof. Arleta Adamska-Sałaciak at the University of Poznań), focuses on the issue of how cognitive linguistic theories of metonymy can contribute to the improvement of practical lexicography. Specifically, the author takes a closer look at the "Big Five," namely at the five most important monolingual learners' dictionaries, abbreviated as MLD in the book under review (CALD2, COBUILD4, LDOCE4, MEDAL2 and OALDCE7) with the aim of checking if the representation of metonymy is adequate in them.
Polish Terms Related to Translation – A Semantic and Lexicographic Study
In: K. Bogacki, J. Cholewa, A. Rozumko (eds). 2008. Methods of Lexical Analysis: Theoretical Assumptions and Practical Applications. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, pp. 47–56.
A semantic and conceptual analysis of Polish terms used with reference to translation reveals a particular understanding of its nature, centred around the two fundamental images of clarifying (tłumaczyć) and carrying over a barrier (przekładać). By examining the entries found in lexicographic sources the paper seeks to reconstruct the Polish linguistic image of translation.