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Fundamental Particle Structure in the Cosmological Dark Matter
International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2013
The nonbaryonic dark matter of the universe is assumed to consist of new stable forms of matter. Their stability reflects symmetry of micro-world and mechanisms of its symmetry breaking. Particle candidates for cosmological dark matter are lightest particles that bear new conserved quantum numbers. Dark matter particles may represent ideal gas of noninteracting particles. Self-interacting dark matter weakly or superweakly coupled to ordinary matter is also possible, reflecting nontrivial pattern of particle symmetry in the hidden sector of particle theory. In the early universe the structure of particle symmetry breaking gives rise to cosmological phase transitions, from which macroscopic cosmological defects or primordial nonlinear structures can be originated. Primordial black holes (PBHs) can be not only a candidate for dark matter, but also represent a universal probe for superhigh energy physics in the early universe. Evaporating PBHs turn to be a source of even superweakly int...
Dark atoms and puzzles of dark matter searches
International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2014
The nonbaryonic dark matter of the universe is assumed to consist of new stable forms of matter. Their stability reflects symmetry of micro world and particle candidates for cosmological dark matter are the lightest particles that bear new conserved quantum numbers. Dark matter candidates can appear in the new families of quarks and leptons and the existence of new stable charged leptons and quarks is possible, if they are hidden in elusive "dark atoms." Such possibility, strongly restricted by the constraints on anomalous isotopes of light elements, is not excluded in scenarios that predict stable double charged particles. The excessive -2 charged particles are bound in these scenarios with primordial helium in O -helium "atoms," maintaining specific nuclear-interacting form of the dark matter, which may provide an interesting solution for the puzzles of the direct dark matter searches.
A pr 2 00 6 1 COMPOSITE DARK MATTER AND ITS CHARGED CONSTITUENTS
2006
Stable charged heavy leptons and quarks can exist and hide in elusive atoms, bound by Coulomb attraction and playing the role of dark matter. However, in the expanding Universe it is not possible to recombine all the charged particles into such atoms, and the positively charged particles, which escape this recombination, bind with electrons in atoms of anomalous isotopes with pregalactic abundance, exceeding substantially the terrestrial upper limits. This abundance can not be reduced in the dense matter bodies, if negatively charged particles have charge −1. Therefore composite dark matter can involve only negatively charged particles with charge −2 , while stable heavy particles with charge −1 should be excluded. Realistic scenarios of composite dark matter, avoiding this problem of anomalous isotope overproduction , inevitably predict the existence of primordial " atoms " , in which primordial helium traps all the free negatively charged heavy constituents with charge −...
Dark atoms of dark matter from new stable quarks and leptons
2012
The nonbaryonic dark matter of the Universe can consist of new stable charged leptons and quarks, if they are hidden in elusive "dark atoms" of composite dark matter. Such possibility can be compatible with the severe constraints on anomalous isotopes, if there exist stable particles with charge-2 and there are no stable particles with charges +1 and-1. These conditions cannot be realized in supersymmetric models, but can be satisfied in several recently developed alternative scenarios. The excessive-2 charged particles are bound with primordial helium in O-helium "atoms", maintaining specific nuclear-interacting form of the Warmer than Cold Dark Matter. The puzzles of direct dark matter searches appear in this case as a reflection of nontrivial nuclear physics of O-helium.
Cosmoparticle physics of dark matter
EPJ Web of Conferences
The lack of confirmation for the existence of supersymmetric particles and Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) appeals to extension of the field of studies of the physical nature of dark matter, involving nonsupersymmetric and non-WIMP solutions. We briefly discuss some examples of such candidates in their relationship with extension of particle symmetry and pattern of symmetry breaking. We specify in the example of axion-like particles nontrivial features of cosmological reflection of the structure and pattern of Peccei-Quinn-like symmetry breaking. The puzzles of direct and indiect dark matter searches can find solution in the approach of composite dark matter. The advantages and open problems of this approach are specified. We note that detailed analysis of cosmological consequences of any extension of particle model that provides candidates for dark matter inevitably leads to nonstandard features in the corresponding cosmological scenario. It makes possible to use metho...
P 2 0 1 9 ) 0 9 9 A multicomponent dark matter scenario and the experimental evidence supporting it
2019
We review a dark matter scenario with a number of favorable aspects: (1) all of the well-known successes of supersymmetry are preserved, (2) the parameters can satisfy naturalness, (3) the addition of an extended Higgs sector implies a doubly rich plethora of new particles and new physics to be discovered in the near or foreseeable future, (4) the mass of the dominant dark matter WIMP is ≤ 125 GeV/c2, (5) the gauge couplings of this particle are precisely defined, and (6) naturalness implies that its Higgs-mediated couplings are also comparable to those of a natural neutralino. Recent (and earlier) analyses of the data from Planck, Fermi-LAT, AMS-02, and other experiments indicate that (i) the positron excess at ∼ 800 GeV or above is not evidence of highmass dark matter particles (which would have disconfirmed the present theory with a rigorous upper limit of 125 GeV), (ii) the Galactic center excess of gamma rays observed by Fermi is evidence for dark matter particles with a mass b...
10 Years of Dark Atoms of Composite Dark Matter
2015
In 2005 Sheldon Glashow has proposed his sinister model, opening the path to composite-dark-matter scenarios, in which heavy stable electrically charged particles bound in neutral atoms play the role of dark matter candidates. Though the general problem of new stable single charged particles, forming with ordinary electrons anomalous isotopes of hydrogen, turned out to be unresolvable in Glashow's scenario, this scenario stimulated development of composite dark matter models, which can avoid the trouble of anomalous isotope overproduction. In the simplest case composite dark matter may consist of -2 charged particles, bound by ordinary Coulomb interaction with primordial helium in OHe dark matter model. The advantage and open problems of this model are discussed.
Composite dark matter from the fourth generation
Jetp Lett Engl Tr, 2006
Hypothesis of heavy stable quark of 4th family can provide a nontrivial solution for cosmological dark matter if baryon asymmetry in 4th family has negative sign and the excess of anti-U quarks with charge (-2/3) is generated in early Universe. Excessive anti-U antiquarks form (\bar U \bar U \bar U) antibaryons with electric charge -2, which are all captured by ^4He and trapped in [^4He^{++}(\bar U \bar U \bar U)^{--}] O-helium (OHe) ``atom'', as soon as He-4 is formed in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. Interaction of O-helium with nuclei opens new path to creation heavy nuclides in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Due to large mass of U quark, (OHe) ``atomic'' gas decouples from baryonic matter and plays the role of dark matter in large scale structure formation with structures in small scales being suppressed. Owing to nuclear interaction with matter cosmic O-helium from galactic dark matter halo are slowed down in Earth below the thresholds of underground dark matter detectors. However, experimental test of this hypothesis is possible in search for (OHe) in balloon-borne experiments and for UUU hadrons in cosmic rays and accelerators. (OHe) ``atoms'' might form anomalous isotopes and can cause cold nuclear transformations in matter, offering possible way to exclude (or prove?) their existence.
New symmetries in microphysics, new stable forms of matter around us
2006
Extension of particle symmetry implies new conserved charges and the lightest particles, possessing such charges, should be stable. Created in early Universe, stable charged heavy leptons and quarks can exist and, hidden in elusive atoms bound by Coulomb attraction, can play the role of dark matter. The problem of this scenario is that in the expanding Universe it is not possible to recombine all the charged particles into elusive "atoms", and positively charged particles, which escape such recombination, bind with electrons in atoms of anomalous isotopes with pregalactic abundance, generally exceeding terrestrial upper limits. Realistic scenarios of composite dark matter, avoiding this problem of anomalous isotope over-production, inevitably predict the existence of primordial "atoms", in which primordial helium traps all the free negatively charged heavy constituents with charge -2. Study of the possibility for such primordial heavy alpha-particle with compensated charge to exist as well as the search for the stable charged constituents in cosmic rays and accelerators provide crucial test for the new forms of stable matter.
Astrophysics at Ultra-High Energies - Proceedings of the 15th Course of the International School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics, 2007
Dark matter has been recognized as an essential part of matter for over 70 years now, and many suggestions have been made, what it could be. Most of these ideas have centered on Cold Dark Matter, particles that are expected in extensions of standard particle physics, such as supersymmetry. Here we explore the concept that dark matter is sterile neutrinos, a concept that is commonly referred to as Warm Dark Matter. Such particles have keV masses, and decay over a very long time, much longer than the Hubble time. In their decay they produce X-ray photons which modify the ionization balance in the early universe, increasing the fraction of molecular Hydrogen, and thus help early star formation. Sterile neutrinos may also help to understand the baryonasymmetry, the pulsar kicks, the early growth of black holes, the minimum mass of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, as well as the shape of dark matter halos. As soon as all these tests have been quantitative in its various parameters, we may focus on the creation mechanism of these particles, and could predict the strength of the sharp X-ray emission line, expected from any large dark matter assembly. A measurement of this X-ray emission line would be definitive proof for the existence of may be called weakly interacting neutrinos, or WINs.