Citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in lime: Assessment of leaf damage and effects on photosynthesis (original) (raw)
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Menoufia Journal of Plant Protection, 2016
Selected citrus trees represented three varieties (noval orange , sweet orange and mandarin). The aim of this study was to monitor population fluctuation of citrus leaf-miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on noval orange, sweet orange and mandarin , as well as to know the effect of air temperature , relative humidity and dew point on population fluctuation of larvae. The obtained results revealed that number of P. citrella larvae /leaf were more on noval orange than sweet orange and mandarin trees. Phyllocnistis citrella populations increased during summer months and declined during fall and winter. During the study period, 4-5 peaks of pest populations recorded on the summer shoots and 1 peak on the fall and winter shoots. Statistical analysis of the obtained data show that there are positive correlation between population of P. citrella and each of temperature, relative humidity and dew point.
2014
The citrus leaf miner (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidptera: Gracillariidae), is a potentially serious pest of citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit and other varieties) and related Rutaceae (kumquat and calamondin) and ornamen tal plants almost worldwide. Several other hosts (Leguminaceae, Lauraceae, Oleaceae etc.) have been reported for CLM, however larvae do not complete their life cycle on these incompatible hosts. CLM is a widespread Asian species, first described from Calcu tta, India. It has been a widely distributed major pest in citrus - growing regions of Asia for many years. In the last 20 years, leaf miners have invaded most of the citrus - producing regions of the world, including the Mediterranean Basin and North, Central , and South America. The citrus leaf miner larvae only infest the younger, flushing foliage causing damage in nurseries and new plantings because of which the growth of young trees is retarded. The pest damage has shown a ...
The citrus leaf miner (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidptera: Gracillariidae), is a potentially serious pest of citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit and other varieties) and related Rutaceae (kumquat and calamondin) and ornamen tal plants almost worldwide. Several other hosts (Leguminaceae, Lauraceae, Oleaceae etc.) have been reported for CLM, however larvae do not complete their life cycle on these incompatible hosts. CLM is a widespread Asian species, first described from Calcu tta, India. It has been a widely distributed major pest in citrus - growing regions of Asia for many years. In the last 20 years, leaf miners have invaded most of the citrus - producing regions of the world, including the Mediterranean Basin and North, Central , and South America. The citrus leaf miner larvae only infest the younger, flushing foliage causing damage in nurseries and new plantings because of which the growth of young trees is retarded. The pest damage has shown a 50% increase in citrus canker in o rchards infested with CLM. The total generation period of CLM fluctuates between 13 - 52 days with 2 - 10 days for egg hatching, 5 - 20 days of larval period and 6 - 22 days of pupal development and a temperature of 30°C is optimal for CLM development. Depending o n foliage flushing cycles and weather conditions 6 to 13 generations per year can be expected. Peak pest activity was noticed during September to November months. In the management of this pest chemical control and b iological control are the two key tools . The complex of natural enemies attacking CLM include ants, spiders, small parasitic wasps and predators such as lacewings cau sing up to 90 percent mortality of larvae and pupae . Three of the most effective wasps are Ageniaspis citricola and Cirrospilus quadristriatus and Semiolacher petiolatus. The parasitisation rate was lower in June and July, being higher from August onwards and highest during September month. Unfortunately, the "best" natural enemy may not be found until all natural enemies and their biologies are known. Effective chemical control of CLM is difficult because the larva is protected by leaf cuticle and the pupa is protected by rolled leaf margins. However many pesticides belonging to different chemical groups were tested and found effec tive in its management. Several reports indicated that, the foliar application provides control for two weeks. Several bio - rational pesticides were tested and found useful in CLM management. The biology and management methods were reviewed in detail in thi s paper.
Journal of Desert and Environmental Agriculture, 2024
Field trials were conducted on a private farm cultivated with lime trees, Citrus aurantifolia Frank, 4 years old, in Kom Hamada, Behaira governorate. The influence of certain insecticides, oils, and foliar fertilizers was studied against citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella on lime trees. The insecticides included abamectin, spinetoram, thiocyclam, azadirachtin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and profenofos; two oils (mineral and vegetable oils); and two foliar fertilizers (calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate). The results indicated that abamectin consistently showed the highest efficacy in eliminating the citrus leaf miner, on lime trees. This effectiveness was observed over five consecutive administrations conducted during the 2021 growing season. The treatment with abamectin exhibited the highest level of efficacy among the several treatments that were evaluated. It yielded reduction percentages of 79.60%, 85.90%, 81.20%, 89.40%, and 92.10%, respectively, and a grand reduction of 85.64%. The application of mineral oil came in the second order and resulted in a decrease in infestation levels by 64.90%, 63.10%, 65.70%, 70.90%, and 70.50% after five consecutive applications, with a grand reduction of 67.03%. Meanwhile, the treatments of vegetable oil, spinetoram, and lambda-cyhalothrin produced mediumsignificant reductions in infestation (̰ 50%), revealing grand reductions of 52.50, 52.04, and 49.92%, respectively, among the five consecutive applications. Based on the results of our research, it is evident that abamectin as well as mineral oil remain viable and advantageous options for effectively controlling the citrus leaf miner infestation in juvenile lime trees.
This study aimed to highlight the Citrus clementina nutritional quality leaves significance on infestations distribution of the citrus leaf-miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera; Gracillariidae). For each plant phenological cycle, infestation rates of P. citrella, carbon, nitrogen and phenolic compounds (CPT) were determined from collected leaves. The findings of P. citrella infestations show saved spring shoots, severely attacked autumn and summer leaves, and progressive infestations on additional leaves. Also, results revealed lower content of carbon in spring leaves as compared to additional, summer and autumn ones. In contrary, nitrogen was found to be higher in spring leaves. Summer and spring leaves contain, relatively, significant levels of total phenolic compounds. C/N balances seem to be substantial in summer, followed by additional and then spring and autumn leaves. Separately, infestations are negatively correlated with C and N accumulations, and positively w...
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2004
Seasonal abundance and parasitism of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton were investigated in controlled and uncontrolled citrus groves from June 2001 through May 2002 on Citrus iyo (iyotangor) in Ehime Prefecture. No significant difference in mean monthly frequency of P. citrella infestation and its parasitoids was found between controlled and uncontrolled groves. There were two peaks of P. citrella infestation, in July and October. These peaks were strongly related to favorable temperature for P. citrella development and continuous flushing of new shoots. At least seven species of the parasite wasps of P. citrella were observed, of which Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker) and Sympiesis striatipes (Ashmead) were the predominant species. The population drastically increased from July to August, and also from October to November, which coincided with heavy infestation of P. citrella in the iyotangor grove. In spite of a high percentage of parasitism (about 70%) in summer and autumn, the damage to tender leaves was noticeable, because all native parasitoids attacked mature larvae and pupae of P. citrella after they had nearly completed their feeding period.
Biological Control, 2001
The present work was conducted to study the population dynamics of citrus leafminer (CLM) and its associated parasitoids on mandarin trees during two successive years of 2013-14 & 2014-15 all in relation to climatic factors [temperature and relative humidity (R. H.)]. The citrus leafminer larval population had 6 peaks of abundance on mandarin trees in each studied year. The higher population peaks of the pest were noticed during two main periods. The first period was in late May and the second period observed in late August and the middle of September. Generally, springtime is considered the most abundant season for Phyllocnistis citrella infestation followed by either summer or autumn seasons. In winter, there is a complete absence of CLM infestation. There is a positive relationship between CLM population abundance and both temperature and R.H.%. The associated parasitoids Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) and Cirrospilus ingenuus (Gahan) had five peaks of abundance during each studied year. The highest parasitism was 42.5% at the beginning of August in 2013-14 and 19.2% in the middle of September in 2014-15. The effect of a combination of parasitoids and climatic factors on CLM population was presented as explained variance (E.V.) which was 36.9 % in the first and 34.7% in the second studied year.