Biomarkers of acute kidney injury (original) (raw)
Related papers
Acute Kidney Injury Biomarkers - Needs, Present Status, and Future Promise
Nephrology self-assessment program : NephSAP, 2006
In the last decade, great progress has been made in dissecting the molecular mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI; Also known as Acute Renal Failure, ARF)); however, translation of these findings to therapeutics of clinical utility has lagged. Development of therapeutics for AKI is has been slow and garnered limited industry interest because AKI is poorly characterized and difficult to diagnose early. Additional challenges include an inability to predict severity, measure progression, or response to therapy, all of which add complexity and risk to clinical trials. A standard definition of AKI is being developed, which will facilitate progress greatly. However, the over-reliance on serum creatinine as a marker of renal function and injury and the absence of additional disease markers has hampered clinical trials for AKI. Serum creatinine in AKI has poor sensitivity and specificity; patients are not in steady state, hence serum creatinine lags behind both renal injury and renal recovery. Conventional urine markers (casts, fractional excretion of sodium) are non-specific and insensitive. Reliance on traditional markers slows recognition of AKI and hence delays nephrologic consultation and discontinuation of nephrotoxic agents, and complicates drug development.
Clinical Kidney Journal, 2012
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Efforts to change its clinical course have failed because clinically available therapeutic measures are currently lacking, and early detection is impossible with serum creatinine (SCr). The demand for earlier markers has prompted the discovery of several candidates to serve this purpose. In this paper, we review available biomarker studies on the early predictive performance in developing AKI in adult critically ill patients. We make an effort to present the results from the perspective of possible clinical utility.
Biomarkers of acute kidney injury and their role in clinical patient management
Biomedical Reviews, 2020
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common public health problem and has a significant impact on cardiovascular disease, mortality and increased hospital costs. Also, AKI can progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, early diagnosis is very important for AKI. Serum creatinine (SCr) is a well-known biomarker in the diagnosis of AKI. However, changes in SCr levels are insufficient in early diagnosis so, new biomarkers are needed. Because of that, the search for biomarkers for the early detection of AKI is an ongoing process. In recent years, early diagnosis, prognostic and predictive biomarkers have been discovered to replace or support SCr in the diagnosis of AKI. New biomarkers can help early diagnosis and effective management of AKI. Since there are many biomarkers, when and under which condition these biomarkers should be used cause confusion. In this review, we aimed to construct and ease to use classification of these AKI biomarkers and summarize the current literature. We have divided the biomarkers into two main categories: renal and non-renal origin. Then, we have classified the biomarkers of renal origin as glomerular, tubular and unknown renal site. We have also described the clinical use of these biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.
Early detection of acute kidney injury: Emerging new biomarkers (Review Article)
Nephrology, 2008
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has recently become the preferred term to describe the syndrome of acute renal failure (ARF) with 'failure' or 'ARF' restricted to patients who have AKI and need renal replacement therapy. 1 This allows capture of the broader clinical spectrum of modest reductions in creatinine, which are themselves known to be associated with major increases in both short-and long-term mortality risk. 2-5 It is hoped that this change in nomenclature will facilitate an expansion of our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and also facilitate definitions of AKI, which allow comparisons among clinical trials of patients with similar duration and severity of illness. This review will cover the need for early detection of AKI and the role of urinary and plasma biomarkers, including enzymuria. The primary message is that use of existing criteria to diagnose AKI, namely elevation of the serum creatinine with or without oliguria, results in identification that is too late to allow successful intervention. New biomarkers are essential to change the dire prognosis of this common condition.
Biomarkers in acute kidney injury: Evidence or paradigm?
Nefrología, 2016
Acute kidney injury in the critically ill represents an independent risk factor of morbidity and mortality in the short and long terms, with significant economic impacts in terms of public health costs. Currently its diagnosis is still based on the presence of oliguria and/or a gradual increase in serum creatinine, which make the diagnosis a delayed event and to detriment of the so-called 'therapeutic window'. The appearance of new biomarkers of acute kidney injury could potentially improve this situation, contributing to the detection of 'subclinical acute kidney injury', which could allow the precocious employment of multiple treatment strategies in order to preserve kidney function. However these new biomarkers display sensitive features that may threaten their full capacity of action, which focus specifically on their additional contribution in the early approach of the situation, given the lack of specific validated treatments for acute kidney injury. This review aims to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of these new tools in the early management of acute kidney injury.
Biomarkers in acute kidney injury (AKI )
Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 2017
biomarkers biomarkers of function biomarkers of damage risk diagnosis prognosis Acute kidney injury is common in critically ill patients and portends a significant impact on mortality, progressive chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease and mortality. Though most physicians alter therapy depending on changes in serum creatinine, this often represents delayed intervention. Various AKI biomarkers have been discovered and validated to improve timely detection, differentiation and stratification into risk groups for progressive renal decline, need for renal replacement therapy or death. This chapter will review AKI biomarkers validated over the past decade. We also describe the clinical performance of the biomarkers. We suggest that using AKI biomarkers to complement serum creatinine (or cystatin C) and urine output will better integrate patient care through earlier recognition and clinical outcome prediction after AKI.
Clinical review: Biomarkers of acute kidney injury: where are we now?
Critical Care, 2012
The recognition that acute kidney injury (AKI) is a signifi cant independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality has resulted in a substantial number of publications over the past 5 years or more. In no small part these have, to a degree, highlighted the inadequacy of conventional markers of renal insuffi ciency in the acute setting. Much eff ort has been invested in the identifi cation of early, specifi c AKI markers in order to aid early diagnosis of AKI and hopefully improve outcome. The search for a 'biomarker' of AKI has seen early promise replaced by a degree of pessimism due to the lack of a clear candidate molecule and variability of results. We outline the major studies described to date as well as discuss potential reasons for the discrepancies observed and suggest that evolution of the fi eld may result in success with ultimately an improvement in patient outcomes.