Plant latex lipase as biocatalysts for biodiesel production (original) (raw)
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Lipase in biodiesel production
African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 2018
Although fossil fuels have been serving mankind for several centuries, their exploration and use bring about several environmental problems. Besides, fossil fuels are neither renewable nor sustainable. There is therefore a need to search for renewable alternatives which are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Biodiesel, chemically known as methyl ester, is a renewable and sustainable biofuel used to run diesel engines and it is mainly produced by transesterification through either chemical or enzymatic catalysis. Enzyme catalyzed transesterification has several advantages over chemical catalysis. However, enzyme production and purification are expensive and the inability to recycle these enzymes has limited their application in large scale bioconversion processes. This review highlights some of the strategies employed to reduce the cost of lipase catalzsed transesterificaion, some important feed stocks used in biodiesel production, methods of processing biodiesel, and advantages of enzymatic transesterification over chemical catalyzed transesterification. The properties and sources of lipase enzymes used in enzyme catalyzed transesterfication are also highlighted and discussed. Factors that affect enzyme catalyzed transesterification are also discussed. It also highlights the possible methods of solving the problems encountered in enzymatic transesterification.
Role of microbial lipases in transesterification process for biodiesel production
Environmental Sustainability, 2020
Bio-diesel is a fuel produced by transesterification reaction of oil or fat in the presence of a catalyst. It is an alternate renewable source for petrol and diesel, which helps in reducing greenhouse gases emissions. Chemical catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid are used in the conventional methods of biodiesel production. This review focusses on application of lipase enzyme in transesterification of different types of oils such as: soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, palm oil, and waste cooking oil. Worldwide production of biodiesel via lipase enzyme and its economic as well as future aspects are also discussed. Various researchers have used free lipase in biodiesel production however, some lipases are also utilized as immobilized form. There are number of fungal and bacterial species that have been used to synthesize lipases, some of the microbial species are as follows: Aspergillus niger, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis etc. Solid-state fermentation and broth culture of fungus is suitable for crude lipase production. Immobilized lipase plays very significant role in transesterification process. Lipases enzymes act as a good catalyst therefore, its production and utilization may be a better alternative of chemical catalysts.
Performances of Free and Immobilized Frangipani (Plumeria Rubra) Latex Lipase in Palm Oil Lipolysis
International Journal of Technology
Free fatty acid, which is an important intermediate product in the oleochemical industry, can be produced by hydrolysis of oil using lipase enzymes. This process is more economical and less energy consuming than the conventional process, i.e. noncatalytic thermal hydrolysis. While lipase from microorganisms requires a complex separation step, that from plants involves lower cost and easier handling. Nevertheless, no report has been published on the immobilization of plant latex-based lipase, while immobilization to increase the economic feasibility of microbial lipases has been widely reported. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of free and immobilized frangipani latex lipase in palm oil lipolysis. Immobilization was conducted by physical adsorption using hydrophobic supports and matrix encapsulation. The adsorption of frangipani latex lipase onto polypropylene and polyethylene beads was found to be ineffective, although the presence of the beads did slightly increase the degree of lipolysis. On the other hand, encapsulation with a calcium alginate matrix was effective in immobilizing particulate latex, although the calcium alginate beads were susceptible to breaking, causing contamination of the lipolysis product. To develop lipolysis technology utilizing frangipani latex lipase, free form lipase is more suitable in small-scale, stirred-tank lipolysis, while lipolysis with immobilized lipase from frangipani latex requires further modification, such as use of a packed bed reactor, circulated flow, or matrix modification.
Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2017
Objective: The search for lipase with distinct features, from plant latex is of great importance for industrial applications. The catalytic properties of lipases from Ficus trichopoda and Euphorbia unispina latex were characterized. Methodology and Results: Fresh latex from Ficus trichopoda and Euphorbia unispina were collected and dried through solar. Dried latex was taken for complete proximate analysis and their activity was analysed by thin layer chromatography. The two lipases were optimally active at pH=5 and temperature of 35°C and 50°C for Ficus trichopoda and Euphorbia unispina latex, respectively. The presence of metal ions enhances the activity of Ficus trichopoda latex, while no significant enhancement was observed in the case of Euphorbia unispina latex. Both lipases were able to hydrolyze saturated esters, and showed typo-selectivity for this group. However, the lipases are weak selective for the hydrolysis of unsaturated esters, especially for 18:2 fatty acids. Conclusions and application of finding: The enzyme from Ficus trichopoda latex was able to attack specific oil to generate free fatty acids or ester as the major product. This understanding may help in devising efficient methods to produce valuable modified oils.
Production and use of lipases in bioenergy: a review from the feedstocks to biodiesel production
Enzyme research, 2011
Lipases represent one of the most reported groups of enzymes for the production of biofuels. They are used for the processing of glycerides and fatty acids for biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) production. This paper presents the main topics of the enzyme-based production of biodiesel, from the feedstocks to the production of enzymes and their application in esterification and transesterification reactions. Growing technologies, such as the use of whole cells as catalysts, are addressed, and as concluding remarks, the advantages, concerns, and future prospects of enzymatic biodiesel are presented.
Biocatalytic properties of lipase in crude latex from babaco fruit (Carica pentagona)
2001
Biocatalytic activities in proteolysis, lipolysis and interesterification reactions were studied for crude latex from the subtropical plant Carica pentagona. The results reveal that crude Carica pentagona latex exhibits equivalent proteolytic activities (5.73 units mg-1) and lipolytic activities (1.01 units mg-1) compared to the well-known Carica papaya, the commercially source for papain (4.57 units mg-1 and 0.90 units mg-1 respectively). Therefore,
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rendering plant fat – Short communication
Prošková A., Kopicová Z., Kučera J., Škarková L., 2010. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rendering plant fat. Res. Agr. Eng., Soluble lipase (Lipozyme CALB L) was immobilized by covalent bond to chitosan pellets prepared from Aspergillus niger mycelium. This immobilized enzyme was compared with commercial immobilized lipase of the same origin (Novozym 435). Novozym 435 is also lipase CALB L commercially immobilized by sorption on poly-(methyl acrylate). Novozym 435 shows much higher conversion of rendering plant fat in methanol under optimum conditions, having, at the same time, lower optimum temperature and lower stability at higher temperature. Lipozyme CALB L immobilized on chitosan leads to a low conversion, regardless its higher thermal stability. Novozym 435 gives conversion of about 50% of theoretical value, which is in good accordance with basically catalyzed transesterification of rendering plant fat described elsewhere. Lipozyme CALB L immobilized on chitosan gives conversion of about 10% of theoretical value only. The use of Novozym 435 in two-step system (enzyme-acid) seems to be more convenient compared with traditional two-step system (base-acid).
A Useful Methodology to Select Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification Aiming Biodiesel Application
Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Biossistemas, 2016
The application of lipases in various fields has been notably increased in the last few decades and qualitative/quantitative improvements need to be done. However, many methodologies of screening are described in order to find a good lipase producer and statistical optimization is a necessary tool to improve lipase production. In this work, an isolation of filamentous fungi lipase producers and a transesterification capacity screening was evaluated. Four fungi were chosen to the transesterification reaction assays and the best fungus selected was submitted to a submerged fermentation. Parameters of the culture medium were optimized using response surface methodology. Selected liquid medium was SR at 30 °C, 72 h, 100 rpm. Corn oil was the best carbon source and together with Tween 80 increased two-fold the lipase activity. After the experimental design, the new medium optimized were 3.5-fold higher than the original liquid medium and was composed by 0.5% corn oil, 0.012% MgSO4.7H2O, ...
Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2017
Objective: The search for lipase with distinct features, from plant latex is of great importance for industrial applications. The catalytic properties of lipases from Ficus trichopoda and Euphorbia unispina latex were characterized. Methodology and Results: Fresh latex from Ficus trichopoda and Euphorbia unispina were collected and dried through solar. Dried latex was taken for complete proximate analysis and their activity was analysed by thin layer chromatography. The two lipases were optimally active at pH=5 and temperature of 35°C and 50°C for Ficus trichopoda and Euphorbia unispina latex, respectively. The presence of metal ions enhances the activity of Ficus trichopoda latex, while no significant enhancement was observed in the case of Euphorbia unispina latex. Both lipases were able to hydrolyze saturated esters, and showed typo-selectivity for this group. However, the lipases are weak selective for the hydrolysis of unsaturated esters, especially for 18:2 fatty acids. Conclusions and application of finding: The enzyme from Ficus trichopoda latex was able to attack specific oil to generate free fatty acids or ester as the major product. This understanding may help in devising efficient methods to produce valuable modified oils.
Biodiesel production with special emphasis on lipase-catalyzed transesterification
Biotechnology Letters, 2010
The production of biodiesel by transesterification employing acid or base catalyst has been industrially accepted for its high conversion and reaction rates. Downstream processing costs and environmental problems associated with biodiesel production and byproducts recovery have led to the search for alternative production methods. Recently, enzymatic transesterification involving lipases has attracted attention for biodiesel production as it produces high purity product and enables easy separation from the byproduct, glycerol. The use of immobilized lipases and immobilized whole cells may lower the overall cost, while presenting less downstream processing problems, to biodiesel production. The present review gives an overview on biodiesel production technology and analyzes the factors/methods of enzymatic approach reported in the literature and also suggests suitable method on the basis of evidence for industrial production of biodiesel.