Antinociceptive activity of aerial parts of Polygonatum verticillatum: attenuation of both peripheral and central pain mediators (original) (raw)
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Pharmacology and biochemistry of Polygonatum verticillatum: A review
Polygonatum verticillatum (Linn.) All. syn. Convallaria verticillata Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant, distributed in the temperate Himalaya at the elevations 2 400 to 2 800 m. It is a perennial rhizomatous herb and contains various pharmacologically important secondary metabolites among which the most important are α-bulnesene, linalyl acetate, eicosadienoic, pentacosane, piperitone, docasane, diosgenin, santonin and calarene. It also possesses antimalarial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, lipoxygenase, urease inhibition, diuretic, tracheorelaxant, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, antinociceptive, antifungal, antibacterial and bronchodilator activities. The plant also got importance in traditional systems of medicine due to its broad therapeutic potential especially of its rhizome. But in the past few years, over exploitation of plant parts caused the decline in the frequency of this species due to which it became threatened, endangered and vulnerable in different parts of the world. So efforts are being made in certain regions of the world for both ex-situ and in-situ conservation. This paper briefly reviewed the botanical, traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological and conservation related aspects of this plant.
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 2009
Twenty three Bangladeshi medicinal plants used in traditional medicines were evaluated for brine shrimp lethality toxicity. Different solvent extracts of Abroma augusta, Acanthus ilicifolius, Alstonia scholaris, dioica were used in the study. Of the 23 plants tested, about 80% were toxic to brine shrimp (LC 50 < 30 g/ml). Among the extracts screened, the methanolic extract of Croton tiglium had the highest toxicity to brine shrimp (LC 50 = 0.0924 g/ml). The drug vincristine sulfate was considered as reference standard.
Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review
Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021
This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail-flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.
Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators
This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail-flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.
Purpose: To investigate the active fraction of pomegranate fruit extract and screen it for analgesic activity. Methods: The analgesic activity of pomegranate ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) was examined using three models of pain: writhing, hot tail flick and plantar tests. EtOAc was administered by oral gavage in doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., for all the tests and compared to aspirin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) which was used as standard drug. Phytochemical studies of EtOAc were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection and mass spectrometry (MS). Results: In the writhing test, the index of pain inhibition (IPI) was 41 % for EtOAc (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and 56 % for aspirin. In the hot tail flick test, EtOAc (200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed analgesia reaching its peak at 60 min with maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 30.5 %, compared with 43.8 % for aspirin. Plantar test showed that pain was reduced by EtOAc in a dose-dependent manner and compared well with aspirin at 100 mg/kg, p.o., dose. The 200 mg/kg dose showed the highest effect, prolonging withdrawal latency in the left hind paw to 11.9 ± 0.3 compared to aspirin with 13.4 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001). HPLC analysis of EtOAc revealed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagins A & B. Confirmation of their structures was achieved by mass spectroscopy. Conclusion: EtOAc has a central and peripheral analgesic effect that is most likely due to the presence of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015
Purpose: To investigate the active fraction of pomegranate fruit extract and screen it for analgesic activity. Methods: The analgesic activity of pomegranate ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAc) was examined using three models of pain: writhing, hot tail flick and plantar tests. EtOAc was administered by oral gavage in doses of 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., for all the tests and compared to aspirin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) which was used as standard drug. Phytochemical studies of EtOAc were carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection and mass spectrometry (MS). Results: In the writhing test, the index of pain inhibition (IPI) was 41 % for EtOAc (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and 56 % for aspirin. In the hot tail flick test, EtOAc (200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed analgesia reaching its peak at 60 min with maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 30.5 %, compared with 43.8 % for aspirin. Plantar test showed that pain was reduced by EtOAc in a dose-dependent manner and compared well with aspirin at 100 mg/kg, p.o., dose. The 200 mg/kg dose showed the highest effect, prolonging withdrawal latency in the left hind paw to 11.9 ± 0.3 compared to aspirin with 13.4 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001). HPLC analysis of EtOAc revealed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagins A & B. Confirmation of their structures was achieved by mass spectroscopy. Conclusion: EtOAc has a central and peripheral analgesic effect that is most likely due to the presence of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
In the present study in-vitro antioxidant activities, anti-nociceptive assessment and neuropharmacological study of the leaf extract of Polygonum hydropiper was performed. In-vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts of P. hydropiper was performed using DPPH free radical scavenging, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, total antioxidant capacity, total phenol and total flavonoid content determination assays; anit-nociceptive activity was done by using acetic acid induced writhing method and neuropharmacological activities were assessed by open field test and swimming test. The plant's leaf extracts exhibit potent antioxidant activities; significant antinociceptive activity and neuropharmacological activity.
Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016
Purpose: To investigate the analgesic properties of fruit extracts of Vitis vinifera (grape) and Punica granatum (pomegranate) in Albino mal mice. Methods: The analgesic activity of fruit extracts of V. vinifera and P. granatum were examined in vivo using thermal stimulus assays (i.e., tail immersion and hot plate) and acetic acid-induced writhing test using acetylsalicylic acid (0.1 g/kg, per os) as standard. The extracts were administered orally in doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg. Results: In acetic acid writhes test, both fruit extract pretreatments (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg, per os) significantly decreased the number of writhes (p < 0.0001) in a dose-dependent manner compared to control. The Index of Pain Inhibition (IPI) values following V. vinifera extract treatments were 36.52 % (1.0 g/kg), 66.67 % (2.0 g/kg) and 89.71 % (3.0 g/kg) which were significantly different from those for P. granatum extracts (45.39 %, 1.0 g/kg), 70.93 %, 2.0 g/kg) and 86.88 %, 3.0 g/kg) at equivalent doses of 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg of the extracts The fruit extracts of both species increased the reaction latency time. In tail-immersion assay, only the fruit extract of P. granatum significantly increased the response to heat stimulus at doses of 2.0 g/kg (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The hydroalcohol fruit extracts of P. granatum and V. vinifera have potential analgesic effects. Further studies are needed to determine the active component responsible for this effect.
2017
MEPL, Eddy’s hot plate, Acetic acid induced writhing, Aspirin, Pentazocin Objective: The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Polyalthia longifolia (MEPL) in swiss albino mice by using Eddy’s hot plate and Acetic Acid Writhing Test. Methods: Analgesic activity of MEPL was studied using Eddy’s hot plate at temperature 55 ̊C±0.5 ̊C and acetic acid (4 g/kg p.o.) induced writhing test in mice. Pentazocin (10 ml/kg b.w. i.p.) and Aspirin (100mg/kg. b.w. p.o.,) was used as a standard reference respectively in this study. In Eddy’s hot plate method, the latency was recorded before and after 15, 30, 60 and 120 min following oral administration of 100 & 300 mg/kg of extract to different groups of six animals each. In acetic acid writhing test, the mean writhing scores in each group were calculated and expressed the percentage of protection using the following formula:(Control mean Treated mean/ Control mean) ×100 %. Results & Con...