Трансформация системы государственной безопасности в Словацкой Республике с 1989 по 1992 год (original) (raw)

От гражданского ополчения до ОГПУ: эволюция органов государственной безопасности в большевистской России

Вестник Томского государственного университета. История, 2018

The purpose of the article is to consider the process of developing ideas about the organization and appointment of security services in the Soviet state. The democratic forces that came to power after February Revolution proclaimed political freedoms and therefore they saw no need for the creation of bodies of political investigation. In the society there was a wide spread idea, that the time of the tsarist police and gendarmerie had passed. Their political opponents - radical socialists (the Bolsheviks) also supported it. The aims of the authors include the identification of the main stages in the formation of the Soviet state security agencies, a comparative analysis of their activities and the activities of the Police Department of pre-revolutionary Russia. The main methods of the article are comparison, analysis, deduction. The main sources of the article are the works of V. I Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, memoirs of F. E. Dzerzhinsky and M. Ya. Latsis, the employees of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission, and first basic law of the USSR - the Constitution of 1924. The authors come to the following conclusions: that the state security services in Soviet Russia have evolved from a situational structure to a full-fledged state institution that actively participated in the socio-political life of the country. The new government quickly transformed their initial ideological attitude. For them it became clear that without political investigation, intelligence and counterintelligence it was not possible to effectively resist the political opposition. In December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars established the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka). This measure was considered extraordinary and temporary. However, the policy of war communism and the Civil War required further reforms of the special services. The number of employees of the Commission (chekists) increased, a centralized system of offices was established, and the authorities of employees were expanded. As a data prove the Commission had used some organizational and functional experience of the Police Department. Thus they restored political control over the administrative stuff of the railways; they reestablished institution of a foreign residence and an agent network inside the country. In some cases the former personnel were also involved in this work. In the repressive policy of the Commission such measures as a simplified procedure for judicial proceedings, revolutionary tribunals (as military courts in pre-revolutionary Russia) and political and counter-intelligence activity in the army were taken. Due to these measures, the work of the Commission was effective. The Civil War, where the soviet scouts were able to improve their skills, gave this opportunity. Besides, V. I. Lenin recognized that such structures were important and necessary for a young Soviet state. Later, the function of the United State Political Directorate, (the reorganized Commission), was officially enshrined in the Constitution of 1924. It was the final stage in the formation of state secret organization in Soviet Russia. The way of Soviet special services formation was fast and contradictory. Such structures were not planned in the new state. When they were required, it quickly became clear that there was no alternative to the pre-revolutionary police and could not be in this condition. Without any doubt, the Soviet state security services had their own special way of development; however, they occupied the same place in the society which had been taken by the tsarist police and gendarmes before.

Hronologija reforme sektora bezbednosti u srbiji

Milos Vasic , 2008

Ova publikacija predstavlja deo rezultata istraživačkog projekta "Mapiranje i monitoring reforme sektora bezbednosti u Srbiji", čija je realizicija bila moguća uz finansijsku podršku Vlade Kraljevine Norveške, Fonda za otvoreno društvo, Balkanskog fonda za demokratiju i Ženevskog centra za demokratsku kontrolu oružanih snaga.

Organi bezbednosti na teritoriji Dunavske banovine

Istraživanja, 2013

U radu se razmatra organizacija bezbedonosnog sistema na teritoriji Dunavske banovine, preko kog se može steći uvid u njegovo stanje na teritoriji cele Kraljevne Jugoslavije. Poseban osvrt je dat na odnos koji su pripadnici organa bezbednosti imali prema građanima i pripadnicima nacionalnih manjina. Vršenje njihove službe velikim delom bilo je uslovljeno pritiscima, kojima su i sami bili izloženi od strane centralnih upravnih organa. Korišćen je fond Kraljevske banske uprave Dunavske banovine Arhiva Vojvodine, kao i Službene novine Kraljevine Jugoslavije.

Реформування сектору безпеки Грузії: досвід для України

В даній статті здійснена спроба проаналізувати досвід Грузії щодо реформування сектору безпеки за останні 10 років та визначити можливі елементи для використання у процесі реформування сектору безпеки України. In this article the author tries to analyze Georgian experience in Security Sector Reform within the last 10 years and to crystallize possible elements to be used in the process of the Security Sector Reform in Ukraine.

Гюров, Румен. Глобалната промяна в сигурността (от края на 90-те години на ХХ век до края на първото десетилетие на ХХІ век). София, Studia Analytica, 21.09.2014

Globalization, 2014

Глобализацията даде своето име на цял един век, все още несъстоял се. Двадесет и първи век бе наречен Век на глобализацията преди да започне ( Kugler et al. 2001: 7–9). Глобалната промяна донесе нехомогенен свят, разми националните граници и елиминира географията като фактор в стратегемите на сигурността (Kugler et al. 2001: 20; Quille et al. 2005: 5-7 (9-11); Kirshner (ed.) 2006: 1; Drew and Snow 2006: 41). Глобализацията е процес на изключително „бързо, нарастващо и неравномерно трансгранично проникване на стоки, услуги, хора, пари, технологии, информация, идеи, култура, престъпност и оръжия“ (Kugler et al. 2001: 9). „Най-важната движеща сила на глобализацията е революцията на знанието“ (Kugler et al. 2001: 43). В едно кратко определение глобализацията е „брак между технологията и идеите“ (Kugler et al. 2001: 113), защото движещата й сила са бързо развиващите се информационни и телекомуникационни системи, които представляват нейни същностни характеристики (central features) – Davis 2005: 3; Kugler et al. 2001: 10).

Інформаційна безпека на пострадянському просторі: системно-історичний аналіз

Granì, 2016

The history reveals powerful informational campaigns between the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijani Republic, the Republic of Moldova and the Transnistrian Moravskou Republic, the informational wars between Russia and Georgia during the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, and, finally, target-driven activities of the Russian Federation in the information space of independent Ukraine. In this regard, the urgent issue today is to ensure the security of information-security of state information resources, protection of vital interests of a citizen and society in the information sphere. Information security is also a component of the state national security. Analysis of scientific views on issues of information security in the post-Soviet space is the subject of scientific researches of local and foreign specialists. Available scientific works of Ukrainian, Russian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Moldovan scientists are divided into 5 semantic groups: a research synthesis of the social, philosophical, political and psychological aspects of information security; a study of the status of information security in the common information space of CIS member states; a study that deals with an impact of media and role of «public diplomacy» on the issue of information security; research relating to issues of information security of the Russian Federation in the modern geopolitical realities; research of Ukrainian researchers on information security and information warfare against Ukraine. The aim of the study is to analyze the main measures for ensuring information security in post-Soviet space, particularly, in the space of CIS member states. After the formation of CIS, a number of documents in the field of information security have been adopted, but the legal framework remains inadequate and requires revision. The documents did not include the issues of information and psychological impact on the population, as well as the preparation and conduction of information warfare. Thus, the most pressing issue in the field of information security has been outside the sphere of legal and regulatory framework for many years. In addition, the former Soviet Union created TLB, which also pays attention to the improvement of legislation in the sphere of information security. Each member country of CIS and CSTO has adopted a number of documents in this area.

Управління системою національної безпеки в умовах воєнно-політичного конфлікту

Grani

Початок XXI століття характеризується глибинною кризою системи міжнародної колективної безпеки, серед сукупності чинників викликаною активізацією воєнно-політичних конфліктів нового типу, для ідентифікації яких використовують термін «гібридний конфлікт». Особливістю цих конфліктів є пріоритет використання супротивниками широкого спектру невійськових способів впливу – економічних, інформаційних, екологічних, соціальних, політичних та інших. Україна протистоїть найсерйознішому безпековому виклику за всі роки своєї незалежності та є стороною, що зазнала зовнішньої агресії. В дослідженні виявлено особливості теоретичних та практичних аспектів формування системи національної безпеки та ефективного менеджменту в умовах воєнно-політичного конфлікту. Комплексне дослідження проблематики у сфері управління державною політикою щодо забезпечення національної безпеки. Системно і детально проаналізовано стан і розвиток системи національної безпеки з врахуванням міжнародного досвіду і перспектив є...

REFORMA SEKTORA BEZBEDNOSTI REPUBLIKE SRBIJE U KONTEKSTU EU INTEGRACIJA

Evropska unija i evropske integracije Republike Srbije, 2019

Reforma sektora bezbednosti u kontekstu EU integracija države kandidata sprovodi se usaglašavanjem njenih stavova s odredbama pregovaračkih poglavlja 23: Pravosuđe i osnovna prava, 24: Pravda, sloboda i bezbednost, i 31: Spoljna, bezbednosna i odbrambena politika. Predmet istraživanja ovog rada je analiza toka reforme bezbednosnog sektora Republike Srbije u okviru EU integracija, i značaj koji ovaj proces ima za bezbednost njenih građana. Fokus rada stavljen je na pregovaračka poglavlja 23, 24, i 31, kao osnovu procesa reforme bezbednosnog sektora prilikom EU integracije države kandidata, u ovom slučaju Republike Srbije. Razmatranju će biti podvrgnuti nivoi trenutne usaglašenosti unutrašnje bezbednosne politike Srbije kroz poglavlja 23 i 24, ali i bezbednosne i odbrambene politike Srbije s Zajedničkom spoljnom i bezbednosnom politikom EU u okviru pregovaračkog poglavlja 31. U ovom trenutku, Srbija ima otvorena poglavlja 23 i 24, dok je poglavlje 31 još uvek zatvoreno.