Maternal Depression, Mothering and Child Development (original) (raw)
2012, Essential Notes in Psychiatry
Depression is a highly prevalent disorder of affect characterized by persistent sadness or anhedonia (an inability to experience pleasure), typically accompanied by additional symptoms such as negative cognitions (self-perceptions of failure, feelings of guilt, and/or suicidal thoughts), somatic dysfunction (fatigue, loss of appetite, fatigue, disturbances in sleep), and impairment in daily functioning (e.g., indecisiveness) (Gelfand & Teti, 1990). When such a symptom pattern persists for at least two consecutive weeks and is not accompanied by period manic swings, the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) identifies it as a major depressive episode (MDD). A formal DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of MDD can be given for a single major depressive episode, or for multiple, recurring episodes over time, which is common. Other depressive disorders identified in DSM-IV-TR include dysthymic disorder, and adjustment disorder with depressed mood.
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Literature Review on Depressive Disorders
Depressive disorders are one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in United States. For a long time, there was little acceptance of the fact that children could also be victims of depression as psychologists then believed that children were not capable of expression depressive symptoms. Widespread recognition of childhood and adulthood depression emerged in the 1970s when several researchers provided evidence to support the theory that children and adolescents did meet the full adult criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (Beauchaine & Hinshaw, 2013).
Depression in Childbearing Women: When Depression Complicates Pregnancy
Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 2009
Across the US, prevalence studies show that one in five women will experience an episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) during their lifetime . The onset of depressive symptoms is most often seen between 20 to 40 years old, the age range when many women become pregnant . Studies have shown that 10 to 16% of pregnant women fulfill the diagnostic criteria for MDD, and even more women experience subsyndromal depressive symptoms, which are frequently overlooked . Because of this correlation with life events, it is very important for healthcare providers to be aware of: 1) the frequency of depression in this population, 2) signs, symptoms and appropriate screening methods, and 3) health risks for the mother and growing fetus if depression is undetected or untreated. A study by Marcus and colleagues in 2003 found that of pregnant women screened in an obstetrics setting who reported significant depressive symptoms, 86% were not receiving any form of treatment. While most women seek some prenatal care over the course of their pregnancy [5], many women do not seek mental health services due to stigma; thus, antenatal visits to an obstetrician or primary care provider may provide an opportunity for screening and intervention for depression in this high risk group. Since management of the depressed, pregnant woman includes care of her growing fetus as well, treatment may be complicated and primary care providers should consider a multidisciplinary approach including the obstetrician, psychiatrist, and pediatrician to provide optimal care [6].
Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2017
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mood disorder characterized by either depressed mood or loss of interest nearly every day for at least 2 weeks. Five or more of the following symptoms must also co-occur for a diagnosis to be made: significant weight loss or weight gain; insomnia or hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue or loss of pleasure; feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt; diminished ability to think and concentrate, indecisiveness; and recurrent thoughts of death and suicidal ideation (American Psychiatric Association 2013).
New England …, 2008
D epression is related to the normal emotions of sadness and bereavement, but it does not remit when the external cause of these emotions dissipates, and it is disproportionate to their cause. Classic severe states of depression often have no external precipitating cause. It is difficult, however, to draw clear distinctions between depressions with and those without psychosocial precipitating events. 1 The diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires a distinct change of mood, characterized by sadness or irritability and accompanied by at least several psychophysiological changes, such as disturbances in sleep, appetite, or sexual desire; constipation; loss of the ability to experience pleasure in work or with friends; crying; suicidal thoughts; and slowing of speech and action. These changes must last a minimum of 2 weeks and interfere considerably with work and family relations. On the basis of this broad definition, the lifetime incidence of depression in the United States is more than 12% in men and 20% in women. 2 Some have advocated a much narrower definition of severe depression, which they call melancholia or vital depression. 3 A small percentage of patients with major depression have had or will have manic episodes consisting of hyperactivity, euphoria, and an increase in pleasure seeking. Although some pathogenetic mechanisms in these cases and in cases of major depressive disorder overlap, a history of mania defines a distinct illness termed bipolar disorder. 4 Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with a highly variable course, an inconsistent response to treatment, and no established mechanism. This review presents the major current approaches to understanding the biologic mechanisms of major depression.
Understanding Depression A Knowledge Share on Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness, despair, and a lack of interest. It may also be accompanied by symptoms such as insomnia, changes in appetite, lack of focus, and fatigue. MDD is a severe condition affecting one's thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
The DSM IV diagnoses of melancholic and atypical depression in pregnancy
Archives of Women's Mental Health, 2011
Atypical and melancholic subtypes of depression based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) IV are important concepts, especially for biological psychiatry. The aim of this study was to determine whether the symptoms used for the diagnoses of atypical and melancholic depression can distinguish these subtypes during pregnancy. A modified version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV (SCID interview) was used that allowed assessment of all DSM IV symptoms of melancholic and atypical depression with depressed and non-depressed women in pregnancy. A Swiss cohort of 449 women was interviewed. Four diagnostic groups were compared: women with melancholic, atypical or non specified depression, and those without depression. Seventeen per cent of the cohort met SCID criteria for a depressive episode of depression at least once in pregnancy, with melancholic depression 2.4%, atypical depression 4.4% and non specified depression 10.2%. Many of the symptoms used to distinguish atypical and melancholic depression did not discriminate between these groups during pregnancy. However some, such as mood reactivity, distinct quality of mood and sleep pattern, did discriminate. Differential diagnosis between melancholic and atypical depression in pregnancy needs to be based on pregnancy specific definitions. The possible therapeutic consequences and the neurobiological basis for these findings warrant further research.
ABC of psychological medicine: Depression in medical patients
BMJ, 2002
Depressive illness is usually treatable. It is common and results in marked disability, diminished survival, and increased healthcare costs. As a result, it is essential that all doctors have a basic understanding of its diagnosis and management. In patients with physical illness depression may x Be a coincidental association x Be a complication of physical illness x Cause or exacerbate somatic symptoms (such as fatigue, malaise, or pain). Clinical features and classification The term depression describes a spectrum of mood disturbance ranging from mild to severe and from transient to persistent. Depressive symptoms are continuously distributed in any population but are judged to be of clinical significance when they interfere with normal activities and persist for at least two weeks, in which case a diagnosis of a depressive illness or disorder may be made. The diagnosis depends on the presence of two cardinal symptoms of persistent and pervasive low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. Adjustment disorders are milder or more short lived episodes of depression and are thought to result from stressful experiences. Major depressive disorder refers to a syndrome that requires the presence of five or more symptoms of depression in the same two week period. Dysthymia covers persistent symptoms of depression that may not be severe enough to meet the criteria for major depression, in which depressed mood is present for two or more years. Such chronic forms of depression are associated with an increased risk of subsequent major depression, considerable social disability, and unhealthy lifestyle choices such as poor diet or cigarette smoking. Manic depressive (bipolar) disorder relates to the occurrence of episodes of both major depression and mania.
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