A Review on Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Diverse Biomedical and Environmental Applications (original) (raw)
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Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we e...
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Due to the fact that nanoparticles are increasingly used in different fields of industry, more attention is needed for efficient and eco-friendly methods of their production. Recently, nanoparticle biosynthesis based on plant and plant extracts has been proposed as cost-effective and environment friendly. The physical and chemical properties of formed nanoparticles have a significant impact on their biomedical properties. Therefore, it is crucial to characterize particles and to control their synthesis in order to obtain particles of desired, e.g. shape and size. The present chapter illustrates green synthesis of Cu 2 O, ZnO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , TiO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , CeO 2 and Co 3 O 4 using plant and plant extracts and its biomedical application including antimicrobial activity and drug and gene therapies. The role of metal oxide nanoparticles in the detection and treatment of cancer has been also discussed.
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The next years will prove the importance of greensynthesis methods for MNPs and MONPs production because they are not only easy to execute, fast, and cheap but also less toxic and environmentally ecofriendly. Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are known to synthesize nanoparticles bothextra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxidenanoparticles (MONPs) are used in numerous fields. The new nano-based entities are being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing toimpact industrial and manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nanoassisted device will continuously grow. They can be prepared by many methods such as green synthesis and the conventional chemical synthesis methods. The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. Greensynthesis includes infinite accession to produce MNPs and MONPs with demanding properties. The structure-function relationships between nanomaterials and key information for life cycle evaluation lead to the production of high execution nanoscale materials that are gentle and environmentally friendly. Majority of plants have features as sustainable and renewable suppliers compared with microbes and enzymes, as they have the ability to pick up almost 75% of the light energy and transform it into chemical energy, contain chemicals like antioxidants and sugars, and play fundamental roles in the manufacture of nanoparticles. Plants considered the main factory for the green synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and until now, different plant species have been used to study this, but the determined conditions should be taken into consideration to execute this preparation.
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The introduction of nanotechnology into our world has ushered in a slew of changes and provided a wealth of knowledge that has fuelled progress in many sectors of existence. Recent advances in nanotechnology have shown the importance of metal oxide nanoparticles due to their potentials in different sectors, particularly in nanomedicine and related biomedical fields. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MOx-NPs) such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), copper oxide, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and Iron oxide have gained a lot of prominence as a result of their unique properties. Metal and MOx-NPs based nanoparticles are being employed to create a novel antibacterial drug formulation, which is a revolutionary and ground breaking method to drug discovery and development. Different methods are employed for the synthesis of these nanoparticles of which green synthesis is found to be a better option. It involves the use of plant extracts which is a non-toxic solvent. Green materials offer...
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Synthesis of Nobel metal nanoparticles, play a key role in the field of medicine. Plants contain a substantial number of organic constituents, like phenolic compounds and various types of glycosides that help in synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Synthesis of metal nanoparticles by green method is one of the best and environment friendly methods. The major significance of the green synthesis is lack of toxic by-products produced during metal nanoparticle synthesis. The nanoparticles, synthesized by green method show various significant biological activities. Most of the research articles report the synthesized nanoparticles to be active against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Some of these bacteria include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The synthesized nanoparticles also show significant antifungal activity against Trichophytonsimii, Trichophytonmentagrophytes and Trichophytonrubrum as well as different types of cancer cells such as breast cancer cell line. They also exhibit significant antioxidant activity. The activities of these Nobel metal nanoparticles mainly depend on the size and shape. The particles of small size with large surface area show good activity in the field of medicine. The synthesized nanoparticles are also active against leishmanial diseases. This research article explores in detail the green synthesis of the nanoparticles and their uses thereof.
The Application of Biotechnology in the Synthesis of Metal/Metal Oxides Nanoparticles
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This paper is aimed at reviewing the application of biological extracts from plants, fungi and bacteria in the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with reference to Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles as a case study. The procedures for the extraction of the biological extracts as well as the chemical instrumentation analysis of the extracts and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles were explained in this review. It was reported that standard chemical test confirms the presence of tannins, alkanoids, flavonoids and terpenoids in various plant extracts, while FTIR characterization of various biological extracts confirms the presence of organic compounds as a capping and reducing agents in the biosynthetic process for the preparation of the nanoparticles. The use of other instrumental techniques such as FESEM, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM and UV-Visible spectroscopy in the characterization of biosynthesized metal/metal oxide nanoparticles were also explained in this review.