The Role of the Media in the Planning and Conduct of Strategic Operations with Reference to the Gulf War 1991 and the Bosnian War 1992-95 (original) (raw)

American Media and the War in the Balkans. A Pakistani Perspective

Alternatives. Turkish Journal of International …, 2003

The print media made its debut in the 17th century with Europe, taking the lead in having the first sustained production of newspaper. Soon its potential as a mass communicator was realized. It was used both as an informer as well as a propagator. What was born essentially to disseminate factual and objective information came also to be used to misinform and dis-inform, to control and manipulate news, and to shape and mould views. It emerged as a powerful weapon to influence public opinion and to rule the people through manipulations. In the last century when it came to be reinforced by the electronic media, first by radio and then by satellite-based television channels, the media by itself became an all-influential institution of society-on many occasions more effective than the state. This mighty and all-pervasive power of the media was successfully used, in conflict situations, by vested interests to serve their purpose, benevolent or malevolent. Fortunately, for both the media and the public, the technological advances during the mid 90's and the increasing globalization of news reporting mean that the news reports can now be transmitted live to a raft of international news networks. In this new environment the control of media product is realistically not feasible.

Reconsidering Relationship Between War and Media: Regarding Second Gulf War

States need to benefit from some persuasion techniques especially at wars. Besides on military superiority, it is important to control both rivals and allies psychology and way of thinking. Thanks to developments in communication technologies, states reach their actions and desires to public more effectively and more rapidly; however, these improvements are not unilateral process, while states' potential to permeation public sphere improves, people's capabilities to access diversified sources increase correspondingly. United States of America, which defines itself as a defender of liberal and democratic world, takes advantage of psychological means of war either. These means had shown itself especially at Vietnam War, First Gulf War and eventually, Iraq War in 2003. Iraq War counted as a turning point regarding usage of media, because during that war, while technological equipments increased ways of journalist

Media strategies and coverage of international conflicts : The 2003 Iraq War and Al-Jazeera

2010

IV Table of Contents V Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: International Conflicts and the Toppling of Opposing Regimes: A Review of Media Strategies and War coverage 8 2.1. Introduction 2.2. International communication. War Propaganda and Political Economy: Approaches to Media and Conflicts 11 2.3. Vietnam and the Falklands: A Question o f Media Control 2.3.1. Vietnam War and the power o f television 2.3.2. The Falklands and the restricted coverage 2.4. The Media and Military Interventions in the Arab World: The Suez Canal and the 1991 Gulf War 2.4.1. The Suez Canal War: The regime that remained 2.4.2. 1991 G ulf War: A regime yet to be toppled 2.4.2.1. Controlling the message: The news pool system 2.4.2.2. Al-Ameriyya: covering civilian casualties 2.5. The Media and the Military Campaigns in Kosovo and Afghanistan 2.5.1. The 1999 Kosovo War: The media and the toppling o f Milosovic 2.5.2. The 2001 war in Afghanistan: The media and the toppling o f the Taliban 2.6. News and the Mediatisation o f Conflicts 2.7. Conclusion

THE MEDIA DIMENSION IN FOREIGN INTERVENTIONS

The NATO intervention in Yugoslavia was the first major military campaign of a new era in which the Internet, the satellite and the 24/7 news cycle now requires governments to devise comprehensive communications strategies in order to keep on top of the information game. It became evident during the 78-day campaign that, especially in the democracies, good communications can be as important as effective military forces. Losing the public relations battle can bring outcomes that are almost as devastating to national policy as losing on the battlefield. Published in "Policy Options" of the Canadian Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP) in January 2001

THE KOSOVO WAR IN MEDIA: BETWEEN WAR JOURNALISM AND FOREIGN POLICY OF NATO MEMBERS

Significant links between the media and war have been identified for well over a century. Media often plays a key role in today's conflict. Basically, their role can take two different and opposed forms. Either the media takes an active part in the conflict and has responsibility for the increased violence, or stays independent and out of the conflict, thereby contributing to the resolution of conflict and alleviation of violence. Indeed, throughout the Yugoslav crisis of the 1990s, it often seemed that the media were dictating policy to Western governments. The implications of the conflict were broad and did not exhaust themselves in its military aspects. A key player in the conflict was the media, both the tightly controlled media in Yugoslavia, which came under increasing pressure in the months before the Kosovo war, and the Western media, largely unaware of the background to the conflict. The aim of this work is to show the media coverage on the Kosovo war. Although, how much influenced the foreign policies of states that have to find the solutions? The study includes the research done on Balkans (including Turkey), European and American Press.

The Role of the Media

CONCLUDING REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY ON THE SUFFERING OF SERBS IN SARAJEVO BETWEEN 1991 TO 1995 , 2020

Studying the materials related to the role of the media during the events that caused the war, and the war itself in Bosnia, more precisely in Sarajevo (1991-1995), we have noticed two main directions in observing media functioning. One speaks of the media influencing decision-makers. The other implies that, on the contrary, the decision-makers use media as a tool through which they communicate with the public. Is the media a completely autonomous and independent entity that regulates its own life? Or is the media completely influenced by an external force coming from the elites, whether they are political, corporate, or some other? Author: Giuseppe Zaccaria https://www.incomfis-sarajevo.org/wp-content/uploads/Concluding-report-English-language.pdf#page=447

MEDIA AS AN INSTRUMENT OF STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION IN ARMED CONFLICTS

SECURITY CHALLENGES OF MODERN SOCIETY - Dilemmas and implications, 2022

This paper discusses strategic communication in conflicts, through correlations between politics and the media, and on the basis of the activities of strategic communicators. The relations between the media, politics, foreign policy, bearers of strategic communication in the context of armed conflict, more precisely armed interventions, are examined. Strategic communiqués have been identified in the conflicts: political entities, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, social movements, army, and terrorist organizations. Previous studies have shown that even though the impact depends on the phase of the conflict and its duration, the action's most substantial effect is between political structures and military entities. Through the analysis of media content, topics and narratives that were broadcast during the NATO aggression on the FRY in 1999, an analysis of the connections of strategic communicators, the achieved effects and their impact on achieving the goals of the intervention was performed. Special attention was dedicated to the contents of the report and missing topics, in the function of creating public opinion in support of aggression. The conclusion is that administration of USA and NATO had the most substantial influence on the control of information in the "politics-mediapolitics" cycle. Key Words: strategic communication, media, public opinion, gatekeepers