Microbial Qualities of Drinking Water and Its Public Health Implication in the Case of Adama City, Ethiopia (original) (raw)
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African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2015
Water quality is a critical factor affecting human health and welfare. This study aimed at examining the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Adama town. A total of 107 triplicate water samples were examined; 1 from inlet point (raw water), 1 from outlet (the water after treatment, 1 from reservoir (treated water stored), 52 from pipe water and 52 from systematically selected household's containers. Six physico-chemical parameters namely temperature, turbidity, pH, free chlorine residual (FCR), nitrate, fluoride and three bacteriological parameters: total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were analyzed. Temperature was average of 23.30, 21.23 and 22.57°C at the inlet, outlet and reservoir sampling points, respectively, which were above WHO and national standard limits of <15°C. Concerning FCR, at the outlet, FCR was 0.78 mg/l which was in the WHO recommended limit of 0.6-1 mg/L and at reservoir sampling point, the FCR was 0.35 mg/l which was in the WHO and national standard limit of 0.2-0.5 mg/L. The average concentration of TC, FC and FS at the inlet point was 196, 142 and 117 cfu/100 ml, respectively. On the other hand, at the outlet and reservoir sampling points, no indicator bacteria were found. In all pipe water samples, pH values were within the recommended limit (6.5-8). In the pipeline, 82.7 and 92.3% of sampling sites were found acceptable based on WHO and National standard for FC and FS counts, respectively. In household water container, 55.8 and 71.1% were in the acceptable limit of WHO and National standard for FC and FS, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis indicates that a significant positive correlation between TC/temperature (r = 0.809063) and a significant negative correlation exist between TC and FCR (r =-0.689336) in tap water samples. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient, TC was found to be positively and significantly related to FC (r = 0.836887) and FS (r = 0.674766), FC was found to be positively and significantly correlated to FS (r = 0.84345) in household water.
Source to in-house and seasonal contamination of drinking-water quality is a persistent problem in developing countries. This study was conducted in Damot Sore Woreda, Southern Ethiopia to examine physico chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water. For this study, four Kebele administrations were selected by purposive sampling technique. Location map and water quality sampling point were prepared using Arc GIS 9.2 software. A total of 55 water samples were taken and examined for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters;11from source,11 from household containers,11 from drinking cup,11 for dry and 11 for wet season. One way ANOVA and correlation was employed to see the statistical difference of the variables at 5% significant level and to observe associations of variables. The result of water quality revealed that average value of all selected physico chemical parameters showed variation from source to storage. But only the value of temperature decrease significantly from supplied source to household storage (p=0.036). However, other parameters showed no significant change from source to storage. Bacteriological parameters showed variation from source to household storage and from storage to point of use. The concentration of total coliform increases significantly from supplied source to point of use (p=0.024). The dry and wet season measurement showed variations in physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. However, statistically no significant difference observed between dry and wet season in all parameters studied. The result of water quality test revealed that average values for all selected physico-chemical parameters were found within the acceptable limit of ES and WHO standards, except Temperature and Phosphate. But the result of bacteriological water quality for all sampled sites exceeded the ES and WHO standards. So, supplied water in the area is bacteriologically contaminated and therefore not suitable for domestic purposes unless treated.
Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 2013
Article Information In Ethiopia, access to improved water supply and sanitation was estimated at 38% and 12% respectively. Three-forth of the health problems of children in Ethiopia are communicable diseases due to polluted water and improper water handling practices. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of drinking water sources in Dire Dawa Surrounding area. The study was conducted from February 2011 to May 2011. A total of 90 water samples from different water sources (-protected and unprotected well; protected and unprotected spring; and tap water) and bacteriological water quality parameters were analyzed using the membrane filtration method. Water analysis demonstrated that all water sources in the study areas were contaminated with total coliforms, fecal coliform and parasites. The average counts of TC were in the range of 1.5-133.05CFU/100ml whereas the average counts of FC were found to be 0.34-54CFU/100ml. In all samples, the TC, FC was above the recommended limit of WHOM for drinking water quality (1-10CFU/100ml for TC, 0CFU/100ml for FC. The fact that, about 83.34% of the water sample was positive for indicator bacteria shown that the three selected PA had risk of contamination in the three selected PAs had high risk of microbiological water quality parameters. High concentration of microbiological indicators in all water sources of this study area may demonstrated the presence of pathogenic organisms which constitute a threat to anyone consuming or in contact with these waters. This is due to lack of good water treatment, improper water handling practices and lack of the protection of the water sources. Consequently, protection of water sources accompanied by sanitation and hygiene promotion programs can improve the water quality of rural water sources, where disinfection is not feasible.
Bangladesh Research Publication Journal, 2010
Safe drinking water and good sanitary measures are important determinants of public health of a community. The aims of the present study were to assess the bacteriological quality of water supplies to the different communities of Mymensingh district during the period from March, 2007 to November, 2007 relating to the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants and to suggest interventions in minimizing microbial contamination. The communities were of enlighten, slum, densely populated, urban, rural and BAU campus. Microbiological and orgnanoleptic quality test of water were carried out in this study. For determination of microbiological quality total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), total streptococcal count (TStC) and for determination of organoleptic quality taste panel score attributes (color, odor, taste and transparency) were studied. The result showed that there was a significant (p<0.01) relationship between the mean values of TVC, TCC, TStC and taste panel scores of water samples of different communities. Moreover, the water quality of enlighten community was superior and the slum community was poor. TCC was considerably present in slum, densely populated, rural and BAU campus communities. Salmonella and E. coli were found in water supplies to the slum and densely populated communities. In conclusion, most of the communities in the study area were consuming unhygienic water and maintaining poor sanitary measures which warrant further major improvement of the utility services owing to good public health.
Background: Water is a vital resource for human survival. Safe drinking water is a basic need for good health, and it is also a basic right of humans. The aim of this study was to analysis drinking water quality and its effect on communities residents of Wondo Genet. Result: The mean turbidity value obtained for Wondo Genet Campus is (0.98 NTU), and the average temperature was approximately 28.49 °C. The mean total dissolved solids concentration was found to be 118.19 mg/l, and EC value in Wondo Genet Campus was 192.14 μS/cm. The chloride mean value of this drinking water was 53.7 mg/l, and concentration of sulfate mean value was 0.33 mg/l. In the study areas magnesium ranges from 10.42–17.05 mg/l and the mean value of magnesium in water is 13.67 mg/l. The concentration of calcium ranges from 2.16–7.31 mg/l with an average value of 5.0 mg/l. In study areas, an average value of sodium was 31.23 mg/1and potassium is with an average value of 23.14 mg/1. Water samples collected from Wondo Genet Campus were analyzed for total coliform bacteria and ranged from 1 to 4/100 ml with an average value of 0.78 colony/100 ml. Conclusion: On the basis of findings, it was concluded that drinking water of the study areas was that all physico– chemical parameters. All the Campus drinking water sampling sites were consistent with World Health Organization standard for drinking water (WHO).
Microbiological Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Wad-Medani& Khartoum States
Fecal contamination of drinking water is a major problem in rural communities of Ethiopia, where surface water sources like rivers, wells, and lakes are used for drinking. In spite of these problems, few data exist on the microbiological safety of water sources in these settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological safety of drinking water from the sources and households in selected communities of Shashemane rural district, Ethiopia. A descriptive analytic study was used to examine the bacteriological quality of drinking water from sources and household containers. Data on water collection and storage practices were collected using structured questionnaires. Water samples were collected according to the WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality assessment from surface and ground water sources which are used directly for drinking purpose in the community. Water samples were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms using the most probable number methods. The detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae were assessed by biochemical tests. Total coliforms were detected in higher proportion in all water source samples. Fecal coliform contamination was detected in all water sources, except in hand pipes. E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella species were detected in water samples from river and wells. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli and Salmonella spp. were also detected in water samples from households. The bacteriological load of the sampled water from source and households was found to be higher than the maximum value set for drinking water. Therefore, enabling the community access to potable water through encouraging construction of toilets, creating proper domestic and animal waste disposal system and rendering health education and sanitation practices for the community is recommended.
Civil and environmental research, 2016
Limited access associated with poor water supply, hygiene and sanitation is widening the poverty gap, gender inequality and prevalence of water born diseases. This research work is aimed to examine the quality of existing water supply, sanitation and hygiene status of Mudula Town. To achieve this objective, the household survey and Water samples were collected from three water sources (spring), storage and taps. With the exception of Kalahiwot spring for Turbidity (7.75NTU), all others were within the standards. For bacteriological analysis, Gofore spring is within the standard. But samples tested from Bada and Kalahiwot did not meet the WHO and EPA bacteriological standards for drinking water. The correlation result of physical parameters shows that for all sources turbidity, TDS and EC has strong positive correlation with each other. With the exception of Gofere spring source, fecal coliform (E.coli) is negatively correlated with Temperature and positivity correlated with Total co...
Water quality is a critical factor affecting human health and welfare. Ethiopia is one of the countries with worst health status in the world water quality problems where only 52%of its population has access to safe water. For this reason, 60-80% of the population suffers from water-borne and water-related diseases. Shambu town is not out of this problem. Since people are still using unprotected wells and springs for their domestic water supply. Therefore this research was aimed to evaluate the bacteriological and physico-chemical quality of water in Shambu Town. Two rounds of water samples were taken from each site with A total of 48 water samples. From water sources (n=4), from reservoir(n=1)from tap water (n=4) and from household containers (n=15) were considered for physico-chemical and bacteriological drinking water quality determination. A the Samples were analyzed for phisico chemical parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, PH, TDS, EC and the presence of indicator bacteria such as Total coliformes (TC) and fecal coli form (FC).The method of sample collection at each sampling point was according to the WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality assessment. Water samples were collected using systematic random sampling method. The result showed that Highest counts of TC,and FC were detected in the house hold water containers, followed by unprotected well, unprotected springs protected well and protected spring. All raw water samples were positive for TTC and FC. High bacteriological load were found in the household water containers. This research concluded that the water quality of shambu town at household storage were very poor and were not free from free from contaminates. Thus, deliberate awareness creation of the community about sanitation and hygienic practices is crucial. The water sources should be protected from entry of animals, human excretes and it should be treated before used for drinking.