Some Questions Surrounding Monumental Architecture of the Early Medieval Poland Around the Year 1000 (original) (raw)
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The Routledge Handbook of East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1300 is the first of its kind to provide a point of reference for the history of the whole of Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. While historians have recognized the importance of integrating the eastern part of the European continent into surveys of the Middle Ages, few have actually paid attention to the region, its specific features, problems of chronology and historiography. This vast region represents more than two-thirds of the European continent, but its history in general-and its medieval history in particular-is poorly known. This book covers the history of the whole region, from the Balkans to the Carpathian Basin, and the Bohemian Forest to the Finnish Bay. It provides an overview of the current state of research and a route map for navigating an abundant historiography available in more than ten different languages. Chapters cover topics as diverse as religion, architecture, art, state formation, migration, law, trade and the experiences of women and children. This book is an essential reference for scholars and students of medieval history, as well as those interested in the history of Central and Eastern Europe.
Some Remarks on the Basilica in Central Europe around the year 1000
Hortus Artium Medievalium, 2018
The problems dealing with the design and origin of some early basilicas in the young just Christianized states formed in Central Europe in the 10th century: in the lands of the Piasts in Poland, the Přemyslids in Bohemia (Czech) and the Arpards in the Hungary, haven’t been presented in a broader European context. The first monumental churches in Central Europe greatly illustrate the phenomenon of transmission of ready-made patterns or models selected according to the diplomatic relations of the ruling family. It is important to realize in this connexion that the milieu of the rulers of Poland, Bohemia and Hungary adapted the most modern solutions, representing new artistic qualities created by the Ottonian architecture from around the middle of the 10th century. The Mediterranean impulse played a role in this process of transmission.
HORTUS ARTIUM MEDIEVALIUM, 2018
Ostrów Lednicki and Giecz are two of the most important centers of the Polish state in the 2-nd half of the 10 th century. In both sites the remains of residential complexes have been discovered. Both consist of a central planned chapel abutted to a rectangular building on the same axis. In both cases the chapel is situated on the east side of the building, divided into small rooms. On the opposite, west side of the whole complex there is a square room, possibly an aula. Taking the idea of composition into consideration we can say that the aula counterbalanced the central chapel. In this whole symmetrical layout we can follow a modular rhythm, which unites both sacral and representational parts of the complex.
Hortus Artium Medievalium, 2018
Ostrów Lednicki and Giecz are two of the most important centers of the Polish state in the 2-nd half of the 10 th century. In both sites the remains of residential complexes have been discovered. Both consist of a central planned chapel abutted to a rectangular building on the same axis. In both cases the chapel is situated on the east side of the building, divided into small rooms. On the opposite, west side of the whole complex there is a square room, possibly an aula. Taking the idea of composition into consideration we can say that the aula counterbalanced the central chapel. In this whole symmetrical layout we can follow a modular rhythm, which unites both sacral and representational parts of the complex. But the most important question is to determine where the idea of these proportions came from. It is possible that this layout was designed by the same author, who was inspired by the books of Boetius De Arithmetica and De Musica, or by Musica Enchiriadis. Not only is a mathematical theory of music described in these books, but they also contain illustrations of music proportions. It is possible that the architect who worked for Mieszko I or Bolesław the Brave knew one of the copies of the work of Boetius or Anonymus of. St. Amand.
Jesuits architecture in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1564-1772
2012
It hard to present a comprehensive, consistent body of research upon Jesuit architecture in Poland. Although art historians do have at disposal a fairly large number of publications upon single Jesuits' churches, an overall, all-encompassing perspective is lacking. We should mention an imposing elaboration on the Order's history, published in the beginning of the 20 th century: the work by Stanis ⁄ law Za / ⁄ leski, entitled «Jesuits in Poland». 1 The work is of great importance, as it employs archival materials, most of which were since lost and destroyed during the first and second World War. The research before World War II was only just started by another Jesuit, Stanis ⁄ law Bednarski, but his work was cut short by World War II. After 1945, due to the new geo-political situation, the research could only continue in a very limited scope. Scientists have to realize that about 70% of Polish artistic heritage, is located in the east, outside the present borders of Poland. These lands effectively became totally «off limits» to Polish researchers, closed off by the new border, which served as the inner «iron curtain» within the eastern bloc. Any research conducted by Soviet researchers did not tackle the «alien, western cultural heritage», and if they did, they were flawed by ideological and doctrinal correctness, while, at the same time, often methodologically naive. Meanwhile, planned extermination of historical and architectural monuments was in progress. I do not mean just the Stalinist period of 1930s, and the period directly after World War II. Ecclesiastical architecture (including Jesuit buildings) was being destroyed even in 1980s, as a part of a planned, active battle against the Church, during which all its visible signs were to be removed. Research upon Jesuit architecture focused mostly upon the monuments which remained within the present borders of Poland. 2 Much research was done notably upon the Jesuit church in Kraków, and the authorship of the building is still subject to a lively dispute between Adam Ma ⁄ lkiewicz and Mariusz Karpowicz. 3 Churches in Kalisz, and Święta Lipka have been analysed, and an in-depth study of the Sandomierz college was carried out. Father Jerzy Paszenda SJ, plays a special role in studying the heritage of the Jesuit order. He co-authored the dictionary of Jesuit artists, 4 and the monographs of the aforesaid churches. The researcher, who as his main resource has the archives of the Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu (to be exact, their pre-World War II photocopies) diligently studies and reports the history of each work. The only criticism is that his diligent study of sources sometimes is not coupled with the analysis of artistic quality. Priest Paszenda's work has been collected in four volumes of a series titled «Jesuit buildings in Poland». 5 At the present, the author is working on the fifth volume. Paszenda was not the only person to study the subject. We should also note the monographs of Stanis ⁄ law Solski SJ 6 and Bart ⁄ lomiej Nataniel Wąsowski. 7 The situation of research upon Jesuit-related arts changed towards the end of 1980s. Access to the actual artworks and monuments opened up new possibilities-but it wasn't until 1990s that monument stocktaking and cataloguing activities were undertaken in the former eastern lands, and that was developed by Polish researchers. In that period, for example monographs of Ostróg (Ostroh), 8 Lwów (Lviv), 9 Wilno (Vilnius), 10 and Mińsk (Minsk) 11 were prepared, among ANDRZEJ BETLEJ [ 278 ] 2 In this paper I excluded the research related to buildings located within the region of Silesia, which has been joined to Poland after 1945. 3 MA⁄ LKIEWICZ, A., «Kośció ⁄ l ŚŚ. Piotra i Paw ⁄ la w Krakowie-dzieje budowy i problem autorstwa»,
Archaeologia Historica Polona, 2020
Sacred wooden architecture in Poland is a huge and still unrecognised research problem. It covers a number of issues of interdisciplinary character: from the properties of building materials and carpentry techniques, through construction and architectural-spatial solutions, to cultural and natural conditions. Hence, the best way to study this problem is interdisciplinary research. The necessity of cooperation of representatives of various scientific disciplines became the basis for creating a team to study the wooden church of St Michael the Archangel in Domachowo, so far dated to 1568. As researchers representing various disciplines (including archaeology, history, art history, history of architecture, architecture, architectural conservation), we cite sources and research that allow us to formulate a thesis that the past of the Domachowo church dates back to the 14 th century. Moreover, we present the research and methodological problems inscribed in the aforementioned church building, understood as a whole. Such a multifaceted approach allows us to redefine the current knowledge about the church in Domachowo.