Non-Edible Vegetable Oils as Renewable Resources for Biodiesel Production: South-East Asia Perspective (original) (raw)
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Potential non-edible oil resources as biodiesel feedstock: An Indian perspective
As the world confronts a reported food shortage and rising fuel prices, scientists around the globe are scrambling to develop biofuel feedstocks that would not divert food crops to energy. It is apparent that the demand for biodiesel is expected to increase in near future and although many edible oils might be the cheapest feedstock for biofuel production. But it may not be sustainable source to meet this increasing demand. This justifies the need to use non-edible oil seeds that can be the reliable sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. Furthermore, most of the non-edible seeds bearing trees have the potentials of reclaiming wasteland and does not compete with food crop for limited growing regions. It thus becomes imperative to search for dedicated non-edible feedstocks and their suitability for biodiesel production. This paper attempts to make an assessment of current energy scenario, potential of non-edible oil over edible oils, selected non-edible oil seeds as biodiesel feedstocks, impact of biofuel on environment and future direction. Experimental analysis by different researchers on these non-edible oils showed their great potential as feedstocks for biodiesel production. This paper also reviews the biology, distribution and chemistry of selected non-edible oil seeds plants.
Non-edible plant oils as new sources for biodiesel production
International Journal of …, 2008
Due to the concern on the availability of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and the environmental problems caused by the use those fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrodiesel. However, as the biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats, there are concerns that biodiesel feedstock may compete with food supply in the long-term. Hence, the recent focus is to find oil bearing plants that produce non-edible oils as the feedstock for biodiesel production. In this paper, two plant species, soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) and jatropha (jatropha curcas, L.) are discussed as newer sources of oil for biodiesel production. Experimental analysis showed that both oils have great potential to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from cold pressed soapnut seed oil was envisaged as biodiesel source for the first time. Soapnut oil was found to have average of 9.1% free FA, 84.43% triglycerides, 4.88% sterol and 1.59% others. Jatropha oil contains approximately 14% free FA, approximately 5% higher than soapnut oil. Soapnut oil biodiesel contains approximately 85% unsaturated FA while jatropha oil biodiesel was found to have approximately 80% unsaturated FA. Oleic acid was found to be the dominant FA in both soapnut and jatropha biodiesel. Over 97% conversion to FAME was achieved for both soapnut and jatropha oil.
Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils
2012
Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum-based fuels derived from a variety of feedstocks, including vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oil. At present, biodiesel is mainly produced from conventionally grown edible oils such as soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm. The cost of biodiesel is the main obstacle to commercialization of the product. Biodiesel produced from edible oils is currently not economically feasible. On the other hand, extensive use of edible oils for biodiesel production may lead to food crisis. These problems can be solved by using lowcost feedstocks such as non-edible oils and waste cooking oils for biodiesel production. This paper reviews numerous options of non-edible oils as the substantial feedstocks, biodiesel processing, and effect of different parameters on production of biodiesel.
International Journal of Energy Engineering, 2015
The demand of fossil fuels like coal, crude oil and natural gas for transportation and power generation increases continuously. Hence, fuel crisis and environmental concern have led to look for alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel that has properties comparable to diesel obtained from petroleum processing. The major objective of the present investigations was to select the best available feedstock's for oil production from available non-edible plant oils. The bio-diesel of Jatropha, Mahua, Karanj, Jojoba and Neem were compared and tried for various parameters such as economy, fuel properties, engine performance and exhaust emissions and air pollution. Seed yield (Kg/ha) and oil content (%) are deciding parameter for economic aspect and various fuel properties i.e. Calorific value, kinematic viscosity and flash point have been compared for different feedstock's. The experiment has been carried out with a B-20 blend of biodiesel in four stroke diesel engines. Engine performance compared on the basis of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific energy expenditure. Exhaust emission of CO and NOx has been measured experimentally for all five feed stocks. On the basis of desire value of parameters; credits were put to each of the above five feed stocks and full credits were calculated for finding out best economical feed stocks which can be used for the yield of biodiesel.
UTILIZATION OF SOME NON-EDIBLE OIL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
In this work, the production of biodiesel from four sources of non-edible oils, namely jatropha, animal fat, waste vegetable oil and castor oil was carried out. It was done using an acid esterification process followed by alkali transesterification in the laboratory. Subsequently the physicochemical properties for four blends B100, B80, B50 and B20 were determined to establish their adherence to the ASTM standard for biodiesel. The percentage yields of the biodiesel from jatropha, animal fats, waste vegetable oil and castor oil were 98, 85, 95 and 90 % respectively. Highest density value was 0.8870g/cm 3 for jatropha (B100), while lowest density of 0.8502 g/cm 3 /cm 3 was obtained from animal fats (B20). The highest value of flash point was 179 o C for jatropha (B100), while the lowest flash point was 102 o C for animal fats (B20). Viscosity values ranged from 5.254mm 2 /s for animal fats (B100) to 2.891mm 2 /s for castor oil (B20), the lowest pour point was-9 o C for castor oil (B20), while the highest pour point was 15 o C for animal fats (B100). All the physicochemical properties examined in this study were within the ASTM standard range apart from the flash point for animal (B20) which was below the standard range.
Biodiesel production from non-edible vegetable oil is one of the effective ways to overcome the problems associated with energy crisis and environmental issues. The non-edible oils represent potential sources for future energy supply. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of crude Jatropha curcas oil (CJCO), crude Sterculia foetida oil (CSFO) and crude Ceiba pentandra oil (CCPO) and its methyl ester have been studied. The acid values of three oils were found to be 12.78 mg KOH per g, 5.11 mg KOH per g and 11.99 mg KOH per g which required acid-esterification and alkali-transesterification process. Acid value was decreased by esterification process using sulfuric acid anhydrous (H 2 SO 4 ) as a catalyst and alkaline (NaOH) catalyst transesterification was carried out for the conversion of crude oil to methyl esters. The optimal conditions of FAME yield achieved for those three biodiesel were 96.75%, 97.50% and 97.72% respectively. Furthermore, the fuel properties of J. curcas methyl ester (JCME), S. foetida methyl ester (SFME) and C. pentandra methyl ester (CPME) were determined and evaluated. As a result, those produced biodiesel matched and fulfilled ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. Based on the results, JCME, SFME and CPME are potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production.
Non-edible oil seeds: Potential Source for Biodiesel Production
The rapid industrialization and increase in the size of the population has led to the great energy demand in recent years. Due to this, an alternative source of energy has been explored by various researchers. India is a vast agro-forestry country, fuels of biological origin from non-edible agricultural products is an ideal alternative source of renewable energy. More than 300 feedstock have been identified which can be used for production biodiesel. The conventional and non-conventional feedstock, used for the production of biodiesel includes edible oils, non-edible oils, algal oils, wild oils, used cooking oils, and animal fats. The dry and waste land can be reforested by planting trees which can yield non-edible oil for increased production of its seeds for commercial production of biodiesel. Thus this review summarized the various non-edible oil seeds and their importance for biodiesel production.
2014
Owing to higher fossil fuel prices in the coming few years it becomes necessary to search for an alternative fuel which must be clean, green and economical. The 2nd Generation biofuels challenges a sustainable relaxation for whole world and for upcoming generations, if explored efficiently. Biodiesel is a more attractive alternative fuel source for diesel engines as they were well known in their renewability and non-polluted emissions. But the major problem arises for the commercial use of biodiesel is cost. In effect of searching alternative sources and based on experimental data, this review carries a better explanation on Neem (Azhadirachta indica) and Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) oil a cheaply available non edible sources, stepping towards the reduction of cost during the production and making as economically feasible model. As non-edible oils were enriched in higher levels of free fatty acid content hence, a two-step catalyzed methods is used in trans esterification process for...
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013
World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and industrial economies. There are different potential feedstocks for biodiesel production. Non-edible vegetable oils which are known as the second generation feedstocks can be considered as promising substitutions for traditional edible food crops for the production of biodiesel. The use of non-edible plant oils is very significant because of the tremendous demand for edible oils as food source. Moreover, edible oils' feedstock costs are far expensive to be used as fuel. Therefore, production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is an effective way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils. However, the potential of converting non-edible oil into biodiesel must be well examined. This is because physical and chemical properties of biodiesel produced from any feedstock must comply with the limits of ASTM and DIN EN specifications for biodiesel fuels. This paper introduces non-edible vegetable oils to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Several aspects related to these feedstocks have been reviewed from various recent publications. These aspects include overview of non-edible oil resources, advantages of non-edible oils, problems in exploitation of non-edible oils, fatty acid composition profiles (FAC) of various non-edible oils, oil extraction techniques, technologies of biodiesel production from non-edible oils, biodiesel standards and characterization, properties and characteristic of non-edible biodiesel and engine performance and emission production. As a conclusion, it has been found that there is a huge chance to produce biodiesel from non-edible oil sources and therefore it can boost the future production of biodiesel.