Dillenia suffruticosa exhibited antioxidant and cytotoxic activity through induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest (original) (raw)
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Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
Cancer is a malignant tumor with characteristics of uncontrolled cell growth, poor metastasis, leading to the dysfunction of organs and death of patients. Many efforts have been made, including the exploration of natural products. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of the Dillenia suffruticosa leaf extract against the cell lines MCF-7 and HepG2. The method used is an experimental research design with a completely randomized design. The treatment group consisted of the leaf extract of 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, and 9,000 ppm for the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test used 10, 15, 20, 25, and 50 ppm concentrations and control (without extract). The data on the BSLT test was determined by analyzing the lethal concentration 50 (LC 50) value using the probit analysis, while the MTT test was determined by analyzing the IC 50 and analysis of variance test. The BSLT test results showed an LC 50 value of 5,221 ppm, which means that the leaf extract is not toxic. Simpor leaf extract at 25 ppm with IC50 of 88.52 was seen as the best concentration for liver cancer treatment. It can be concluded that D. suffruticosa shows cytotoxicity against the cell lines MCF-7 and HepG2 and can be used as a candidate for breast and liver cancer treatment.
Molecules, 2013
The present research was designed to evaluate the anticancer properties of Dillenia suffruticosa extract. Our focus was on the mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest induced in breast cancer cells by the active fractions (designated as D/F4, D/F5 and EA/P2) derived from chromatographic fractionation of D. suffruticosa extracts. The results showed that the active fractions are more cytotoxic towards MCF-7 (estrogen positive breast cancer cells) and MDA-MB-231 (estrogen negative breast cancer cells) as compared to other selected cancer cell lines that included HeLa, A459 and CaOV3. The induction of cell death through apoptosis by the active fractions on the breast cancer cells was confirmed by
PLOS ONE, 2015
Dillenia suffruticosa, which is locally known as Simpoh air, has been traditionally used to treat cancerous growth. The ethyl acetate extract of D. suffruticosa (EADs) has been shown to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in our previous study. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in EADs-induced apoptosis and to identify the major compounds in the extract. EADs was found to promote oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells that led to cell death because the pre-treatment with antioxidants α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of the extract (P<0.05). DCFH-DA assay revealed that treatment with EADs attenuated the generation of intracellular ROS. Apoptosis induced by EADs was not inhibited by the use of caspase-inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting that the cell death is caspase-independent. The use of JC-1 dye reflected that EADs caused disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The related molecular pathways involved in EADs-induced apoptosis were determined by GeXP multiplex system and Western blot analysis. EADs is postulated to induce cell cycle arrest that is p53-and p21-dependent based on the upregulated expression of p53 and p21 (P<0.05). The expression of Bax was upregulated with downregulation of Bcl-2 following treatment with EADs. The elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential suggest that EADs-induced apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent. The expression of oxidative stress-related AKT, p-AKT, ERK, and p-ERK was downregulated with upregulation of JNK and p-JNK. The data indicate that induction of oxidative-stress related apoptosis by EADs was mediated by inhibition of AKT and ERK, and activation of JNK. The isolation of PLOS ONE |
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Dillenia excelsa leaf
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical compounds, total flavonoid, and phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Martelli ex Gilg (or tanikkara) leaves. Sample D. excelsa leaves were obtained from swamp forests in Melintang Village, Muara Wis sub-district, Kutai Kartanegara district, East Kalimantan province, Indonesia. This research includes sample preparation, extraction and maceration, extract concentration using a rotary evaporator, phytochemical test, total phenolic and flavonoid content test, and antioxidant activity test using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power methods (FRAP). The results of this study indicate that the methanolic extract of D. excelsa leaves contains secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, and tannins. The total phenolic content was 181.25 g GAE/g extract, while the total flavonoid content was 36 g QE/g extract. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of D. excelsa leaf DPPH method had moderate activity strength with a value of IC50 is 145 ppm, while the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of D. excelsa leaf using the FRAP method has the highest antioxidant activity value at a concentration of 100 ppm with a value of 70.833%. The result indicated that the methanolic extract D. excelsa leaves had many metabolites and potentially an antioxidant.
Pharmacognosy Research, 2016
Aim: To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Datura metel L. and Cynodon dactylon L. extracts. Materials and Methods: The extraction of plants parts (datura seed and fruit pulp) and areal parts of durva was carried out using soxhlet and cold extraction method using solvents namely methanol and distilled water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by established methods. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed in vero cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extract was performed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. Results: We found that the highest amount of TPC and TFC in methanolic extracts of seed (268.6 µg of gallic acid equivalence/mg of dry plant material) and fruit pulp (8.84 µg of quercetin equivalence/mg dry plant material) of D. metel, respectively prepared by Soxhlet method. The methanolic extract of C. dactylon prepared using soxhlation has shown potent free radical scavenging activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50) value of 100 µg/ ml. The IC 50 of a methanolic cold extract of datura fruit was found to be 3 mg/ml against vero cell line. Conclusion: We observed that plant parts of C. dactylon and D. metel have a high antioxidant activity. Further research is needed to explore the therapeutic potential of these plant extracts.
Screening of phytochemicals, toxicities, and activities of three Dillenia species
Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology
Introduction: Plants containing β-sitosterol and oleamide are important for various diseases. So, Dillenia indica, D. obovata, and D. pentagyna were investigated for phytochemicals, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity levels on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Hela cells. The protective effect of D. pentagyna extract on a HepG2 cell line was also investigated. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for phytochemical analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) tetrazolium reduction (MTT) and comet assays were performed for toxicity testing and protective effects against DNA oxidative damage. Results: The major components were oleamide and β-sitosterol at 38.464-58.247% and 5.585- 6.887% with concentration and quantity of β-sitosterol at 0.2-0.37 mg/mL and 0.42-0.964 mg/g leaf. The D. indica, D. obovata, and D. pentagyna toxicities on PBMCs showed IC50 values at >430, >...
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention
Women’s breast cancer incidence rate in Indonesia ranks number one with 12 per 100,000 cases, with luminal A as the dominant subtype. Currently, chemotherapeutic agents have limitations that lead to inefficiencies in therapy, therefore it is necessary to develop more effective and efficient chemopreventive agents. Plant secondary metabolites can provide pharmacological effects that can be used as chemoprevention agents. Secondary metabolites of D. serrata may have pharmacological effects as antioxidants and cytotoxic. This study aims to determine the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic activity of D. serrata ethanolic extract on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The leaves of D. serrata were macerated, while the bark and root samples were refluxed with 96% ethanol as solvent. All extracts were evaporated with a rotary evaporator. Qualitative evaluation of the phytochemical content of leaf ethanolic extract, bark ethanolic extract, and root ethanolic extract was done using the stan...
Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2017
Plants in genus Dillenia have traditionally been consumed as foods and used for cancer and diarrhea treatments. Crude hexane extracts of nine species, D. aurea, D. excelsa, D. grandifolia, D. ovata, D. parviflora, D. philippinensis, D. pulchella, D. reticulata, and D. suffruticosa were analyzed for chemical contents via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and for their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on leukocytes via cell counting and comet assays. Oleamide, a chemopreventive agent which acts against Alzheimer's disease, enhances memory function and promotes sleep, was found at the highest amount (18.05-75.60%). The other components discovered in high amounts were squalene and vitamin E. The IC 50 of all studied species was higher than 430 mg/mL. Comet assay indicated insignificant DNA damage (p > .05). These results indicate that the plants containing a high amount of useful phytochemicals are nontoxic to normal human cells, thus may be safely applied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other related conditions. Practical applications Oleamide has an important role in living things, especially in humans. Its functions are, improved memory recovery, induced deep sleep and appetite in elders. Based on the principles of phytotherapy, a plant species actually contains several pharmacological compounds in a different quantity; a medicinal reading should be in a single unit. In agreement with a high quantity of oleamide in Dillenia species, many species would be selected to produce natural products in convenient forms, and in drug discovery, because this serves as active principles in drugs as well as templates for synthesis of new drugs. In this research, seven out of nine species including Dillenia aurea, D. excelsa, D. grandifolia, D. ovata, D. parviflora, D. philippinensis, and D. reticulata contained high amounts of oleamide, were expected to release single medicinal activity, and show no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Accordingly, they should effectively be made available in modified forms in order to be health products.
A Review of Medicinal Plants Effective in the Treatment or Apoptosis of Cancer Cells
The Cancer Press, 2017
Cancer in our country is the most important public health problem. In addition to lifestyle changes and population aging, cancer seems to be much more important in the future (1). medicinal plants are traditionally used to treat many ailments, including cancer and related diseases. Cancer is characterized as a condition with complex signs and symptoms. It has been recommended that ethnopharmacological usages such as immune and skin disorders, inflammatory, infectious, parasitic and viral diseases should be taken into account when selecting plants for anticancer screenings, since these reflect disease states bearing relevance to cancer or cancer-like symptoms (2). By definition, 'traditional' use of herbal medicines implies substantial historical use, and this is certainly true for many products that are available as 'traditional herbal medicines'. In many developing countries, a large proportion of the population relies on traditional practitioners and their armamentarium of medicinal plants in order to meet health care needs. Although modern medicine may exist side-by Medicinal herbs in various fields of medicine, industry, food and agriculture applications. In the field of medicine and therapy for the treatment of cancer researchers hope many medicinal plants. Plants, herbs, and ethnobotanicals have been used since the early days of humankind and are still used throughout the world for health promotion and treatment of disease. Plants and natural sources form the basis of today's modern medicine and contribute largely to the commercial drug preparations manufactured today. About 25% of drugs prescribed worldwide are derived from plants. Still, herbs, rather than drugs, are often used in health care. For some, herbal medicine is their preferred method of treatment. Today, natural antioxidants are the focus of considerable attention and efforts are ongoing for the replacement of synthetic ones. In addition, these natural antioxidants can be formulated as functional foods and can help prevent oxidative damage from occurring in the body. Due to the side effects of drugs and chemicals in countries around the world, including developed countries are thinking about changing pattern of drug use of chemical plant. Some active drug substances which are very important in the pharmaceutical industry, is impossible to artificially produce only natural as Astkhrajand plants. Although synthetic medicines to improve patients more quickly and has an adverse effect on the human body Mshkhsand but most of them can have side effects. In this study, we report and review of some medicinal plants effective in the treatment of cancer or other diseases discussed.