CHANGING PATTERNS OF LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN INDIA (original) (raw)
Related papers
WOMEN'S WORK PARTICIPATION IN LABOUR MARKET IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA
2012
In recent years, women are playing an important role in economic development. They contribute significant proportion in Gross Domestic Product through actively participating in industries, services and in agricultural activities. What is worse with women workers is that they still lag behind in achieving job opportunities in comparison to men. The present paper tries to look at the extent of disparity in women work and labour force participation in urban-rural sectors and across the states of India. The study uses data from different rounds of National Sample Survey. The analysis depicts that women workforce and labour force participation has declined in recent years and the gap between female and male work participation ratio has increased in India. It has been observed in developed southern states of India, because of highly educated society and sincere freedom of women in decision making, the women work participation in regular jobs is high in comparison to the northern states of India. The study also reveals the controversy in the context of urban-rural India, where women work participation is high in urban area and low in rural area. The study also reveals the fact that the gap between men and women is high in urban India, while it has increased in rural and urban India both.
DECLINING WOMEN LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN INDIA - CAUSES AND ISSUES MS. SHARMILA
India has made significant economic progress in recent decades since 1990 but the impressive economic growth has not been matched by progress towards women' s equal economic participation. Women' s participation in economic activities is important for the realization of their full economic potential which would not only enhance economic growth rate but would also make growth more inclusive. The recent sharp decline in female labour force participation (FLFP) rate in India has been a matter of debate in academic and policy spheres and as a result many studies has emerged for explaining this sharp fall in FLFP rate. The paper has undertaken a extensive literature survey in order to understand the decline in female participation in economic activities. Using data obtained from various NSS rounds and from national accounts statistics, the paper test U-shaped relationship between income level and FLFP rate using simple scatter diagram and fitting a polynomial function using MS excel software. Based on the analysis we found that U-shaped relationship doesn' t exist in India. This may be either due to the significant large impact of other determinants of FLFP rate which outweigh the effect of increased per capita income or it may be due to a low level of per capita income indicating that India has not yet moved into the rising part of U-shape curve. JEL CLASSIFICATION NUMBERS: J16, J48, O17 KEYWORD: Female labor force participation, feminization-U hypothesis, India, labour market.
Female Labour Force Participation in India: Myths and Facts
Bookchapter, 2023
Gender roles are predefined, accepted and silently followed for quite some time in the history of every society. In Asia, the women's liberation movement started in the late 1960s and continued through the 1970s which brought women into the workforce. Women are not considered the main part of the workforce in India though they are working outside of the home (in agricultural lands, household dairies, and small-scale industries) for a few decades. Indian females must do domestic duties whereas it's an option for males. Women though working outside have to slip into a housewife role after getting home. It has been observed that women's employability increased but not women's employment for a decade. This paper explores the historical trends in terms of women's employment and empowerment from the 1970s to the date in India. It also explores how are the gender differences in the Indian demographic labour force. And it discusses the reasons for the trends presented.
DYNAMICS OF FEMALE WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE IN INDIA DURING 1961-2011
The female work force participation rate of a country indicates the economic empowerment of women in the society. It is also significant for poverty reduction and enhancing their social status. In India, women constitute almost one half of the population, but only less than one‐third of total workforce. It is evident that women employment is being under enumerated and the major reason for the undercounting of women workers and under valuation of their contribution to the economy is the ‘invisibility’ of their work as well as a narrow definition of the term ‘economic activity’.A lack of information on the nature of unemployment among women has significant implications.Data inadequacies led to misconceptions about women's work roles and their employment needs. It can have serious repercussions on the effectiveness of economic resources allocated to women development schemes. Forexample,employment projects for the poor women would be misdirected ormisinformation about the availability of women for employment may lead totheir non-recruitment.
The Declining Rate of Female Labor Participation In India: Causes and Consequences
Valley International, 2022
Significant human activities were started underway in India since the Holocene Period (10,000 years ago) and civilization also was in progress while Mesopotamia and Egypt have long been recognized in between c.7000-600 BCE for their celebrated contributions to social and cultural development. A large number of women in India are actively engaged in traditional and non-traditional work and seriously contribute to society for overall growth and development. However, there are far fewer women than men in the paid workforce. In urban India, women participate in the workforce in impressive numbers, as such only 30 percent in the software industry. This paper had tried to investigate the reasons behind the less number of women involved in the workforce as well as the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in India. All data had been collected from secondary sources and presented via tables and graphs from different angles. It had concluded with some recommendations to get out from the critical trap regarding women in India.
WOMEN WORKFORCE PARTICIPATION IN INDIA
THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH MADRAS, 2021
Women’s workforce participation is now one of the most prominent aspects of the growing economy. Indian families are experiencing rapid changes because of the developed pace of urbanization and modernization. Indian females have a place with any or all classes that have gone into a few occupations. The paper describes the overall trends of workforce participation in India. The main focus of this paper is to find State/UT-wise, Rural, and Urban area differences among the male and female population concerning their age, Usual Status and Current Weekly Status of wages, and their type of employment-based workforce participation rate. The study seeks to find the gender gap in employment in India and a comparative study of State/UT-wise in India for their workforce participation rate. The present paper tends to describe the relationship between the Labour force participation rate (LFPR) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India. Keywords: Women, Workforce Participation, Gender gap, Labour
DECLINING WOMEN LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN INDIA - CAUSES AND ISSUES
zenith
India has made significant economic progress in recent decades since 1990 but the impressive economic growth has not been matched by progress towards women’s equal economic participation. Women’s participation in economic activities is important for the realization of their full economic potential which would not only enhance economic growth rate but would also make growth more inclusive. The recent sharp decline in female labour force participation (FLFP) rate in India has been a matter of debate in academic and policy spheres and as a result many studies has emerged for explaining this sharp fall in FLFP rate. The paper has undertaken a extensive literature survey in order to understand the decline in female participation in economic activities. Using data obtained from various NSS rounds and from national accounts statistics, the paper test U-shaped relationship between income level and FLFP rate using simple scatter diagram and fitting a polynomial function using MS excel software. Based on the analysis we found that U-shaped relationship doesn’t exist in India. This may be either due to the significant large impact of other determinants of FLFP rate which outweigh the effect of increased per capita income or it may be due to a low level of per capita income indicating that India has not yet moved into the rising part of U-shape curve.
Economic Development and Women's Labor Force Participation in India
Feminist Economics, 2015
India has experienced steady economic growth over the last two decades alongside a persistent decline in women's labor force participation (LFPR). This paper explores the relationship between economic development and women's labor supply using state-level data spanning the period 1983-4 to 2011-2. While several studies suggest a U-shaped relationship between development and women's labor force participation, our results suggest that at the state level, there is no systematic U-shaped relationship between level of domestic product and women's LFPR. On examining the relationship between the structure of the economy and women's economic activity, we find that it is not economic growth but rather the composition of growth that is relevant for women. Further, our results suggest that aggregate changes in the proportion of women in the workforce can be mostly attributed to the movement of the workforce across sectors rather than changes in the proportion of women workers within a sector.
2023
Based on unit-level data of three rounds of the Employment-Unemployment Surveys (68 th , 61 st and 50 th) and two rounds of the Periodic Labour Force (2017-18 and 2018-19) Surveys of the NSS, this paper examines trends in women's labour force and work force in the two Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal since 1993-94. A comparative analysis of women's participation in the labour markets of the two Indian states shows the significance of occupational diversification in explaining the varying trends in the pattern of female employment. It explores the relevance of the nature of female employment in understanding the sustainability of such employment pattern as exists over time. Our paper highlights the extreme vulnerability attached to the self-employed status of women, be it in farm or non-farm work that women in rural U.P. and W.B. engage in and urges on the importance of publicly sponsored employment generation programmes like MNREGA as a viable alternative employment option, especially for women in rural areas. Given the abysmally low levels of participation of women in the labour markets of both U.P. and W.B., does the explanation lie in economic factors such as lack of jobs alone or do gender biased cultural norms also play a role? Our analysis suggests that it is a combination of both these factors to which a low and declining women's participation in labour markets must be attributed to.