Status of Omics Research Capacity on Oral Cancer in Africa: A Systematic Scoping Review Protocol (original) (raw)
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The burden of Oral cancer in Sub Saharan oral cancer Hille Johnson 2017 ex GOCF20190601 45895 xc04md
Objectives: To describe incidence and mortality rates of oral and of oropharyngeal cancers in sub-Saharan Africa using available sources and to discuss shortcomings. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were obtained from GLOBOCAN online (IARC 2012) and the pathology-based South African National Cancer Registry (SA-NCR). Descriptions of oral and of oropharynx cancers for the four main geographical regions were derived from the literature. For South Africa, the incidence by ethnic group of lip and intra-oral cancer over the period 1988-2012 could be calculated from SA-NCR. The age distributions for intraoral and for oropharynx cancer in both genders in South Africa were compared for the period 1996-2002. Results: Age standardized incidence rates and mortality rates of lip and of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa varied substantially, depending on the regions, the mix of carcinogenic substances consumed in each country and the quality of the cancer registry data. African islands in the Indian Ocean and the Southern and Eastern African countries report the highest rates; these are generally reported to be much lower in West African countries. Available data are now old: not beyond 2010. Up until that time, in the Republic of South Africa, there appears to have been a slight decline in oral cancer rates, except in Black females, but a rise this millennium in cancer of the oropharynx, especially in Coloureds (mixed-race). At least until 2002, the Human Immunode-ficiency Virus infection (HIV) pandemic had little or no stimulating influence on the incidence rates of oral squamous carcinoma in South Africa, although Kaposi's sarcoma has been a major burden in the past. Asian and mixed-race South African females had the highest levels of oral squamous cell carcinomas in the <45 year age group. Conclusion: The quality of cancer registry data in sub-Saharan Africa is variable, unreliable and out of date, suggesting gross under-ascertainment. Records of all causes of death are poor, which can result in both under-and over-attribution of cancer mortality. Improvements of the necessary resources for cancer registration and death certification deserve a high priority.
The burden of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa
Translational Research in Oral Oncology
Objectives: To describe incidence and mortality rates of oral and of oropharyngeal cancers in sub-Saharan Africa using available sources and to discuss shortcomings. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were obtained from GLOBOCAN online (IARC 2012) and the pathology-based South African National Cancer Registry (SA-NCR). Descriptions of oral and of oropharynx cancers for the four main geographical regions were derived from the literature. For South Africa, the incidence by ethnic group of lip and intra-oral cancer over the period 1988-2012 could be calculated from SA-NCR. The age distributions for intraoral and for oropharynx cancer in both genders in South Africa were compared for the period 1996-2002. Results: Age standardized incidence rates and mortality rates of lip and of oral cancer in sub-Saharan Africa varied substantially, depending on the regions, the mix of carcinogenic substances consumed in each country and the quality of the cancer registry data. African islands in the Indian Ocean and the Southern and Eastern African countries report the highest rates; these are generally reported to be much lower in West African countries. Available data are now old: not beyond 2010. Up until that time, in the Republic of South Africa, there appears to have been a slight decline in oral cancer rates, except in Black females, but a rise this millennium in cancer of the oropharynx, especially in Coloureds (mixed-race). At least until 2002, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection (HIV) pandemic had little or no stimulating influence on the incidence rates of oral squamous carcinoma in South Africa, although Kaposi's sarcoma has been a major burden in the past. Asian and mixed-race South African females had the highest levels of oral squamous cell carcinomas in the <45 year age group. Conclusion: The quality of cancer registry data in sub-Saharan Africa is variable, unreliable and out of date, suggesting gross under-ascertainment. Records of all causes of death are poor, which can result in both under-and over-attribution of cancer mortality. Improvements of the necessary resources for cancer registration and death certification deserve a high priority.
The Pan African Medical Journal, 2017
Introduction: oral cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths among African populations. Lack of standard cancer registries and under-reporting has inaccurately depicted its magnitude in Nigeria. Development of multi-centre collaborative oral pathology networks such as the African Oral Pathology Research Consortium (AOPRC) facilitates skill and expertise exchange and fosters a robust and systematic investigation of oral diseases across Africa. Methods: in this descriptive cross-sectional study, we have leveraged the auspices of the AOPRC to examine the burden of oral cancer in Nigeria, using a multi-centre approach. Data from 4 major tertiary health institutions in Western and Southern Nigeria was generated using a standardized data extraction format and analysed using the SPSS data analysis software (version 20.0; SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL). Results: of the 162 cases examined across the 4 centres, we observed that oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) occurred mostly in the 6th and 7th decades of life and maxillary were more frequent than mandibular OSCC lesions. Regional variations were observed both for location, age group and gender distribution. Significant regional differences was found between poorly, moderately and well differentiated OSCC (p value = 0.0071). Conclusion: a multi-centre collaborative oral pathology research approach is an effective way to achieve better insight into the patterns and distribution of various oral diseases in men of African descent. The wider outlook for AOPRC is to employ similar approaches to drive intensive oral pathology research targeted at addressing the current morbidity and mortality of various oral diseases across Africa.
Omics-based molecular techniques in oral pathology centred cancer: prospect and challenges in Africa
Cancer Cell International, 2017
Background: The completion of the human genome project and the accomplished milestones in the human proteome project; as well as the progress made so far in computational bioinformatics and " big data " processing have contributed immensely to individualized/personalized medicine in the developed world. Main body: At the dawn of precision medicine, various omics-based therapies and bioengineering can now be applied accurately for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and risk stratification of cancer in a manner that was hitherto not thought possible. The widespread introduction of genomics and other omics-based approaches into the postgraduate training curriculum of diverse medical and dental specialties, including pathology has improved the proficiency of practitioners in the use of novel molecular signatures in patient management. In addition, intricate details about disease disparity among different human populations are beginning to emerge. This would facilitate the use of tailor-made novel theranostic methods based on emerging molecular evidences. Conclusion: In this review, we examined the challenges and prospects of using currently available omics-based technologies vis-à-vis oral pathology as well as prompt cancer diagnosis and treatment in a resource limited setting.
The burden of head and neck cancer in Africa: the status quo and research prospects
South African Dental Journal, 2019
The increasing incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) in Africa is mostly due to increasing smoking habits, westernization in lifestyle and diet, HIV/HPV and unfavourable fiscal policies for health. Oral cancer potentially constitutes a notable fraction of the global cancer burden, particularly in developing Africa. A heterogeneity in the anatomy-based HNC nomenclature has resulted in underestimation of its incidence and significance worldwide. The global cancer statistics database (GLOBOCAN) was used to evaluate the combined data of cancer incidence in two subsets: a.) excluding HNC and b.) including oesophageal cancers (Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer: UADTC). Combined age standardized incidence rates (ASIR) of HNC and UADTC were analyzed using both regional and individual country-derived data. Frequency ranking of HNC in Africa increases dramatically when cancers from contiguous HN regions are evaluated, compared with considering oral cancer data alone. UADTC and HNC ranked second and third in Africa, respectively. Similar trends were observed by global development index evaluation. With the exclusion of a few urban regions, the diagnostic and treatment opportunities for HN/UADT cancers in sub-Saharan Africa are dismal. Effective education and research efforts by local and international (non-) governmental agencies are urgently required to reduce the associated morbidities.
Oral Cancer- The Nigerian Perspective
Journal of Molecular Biomarkers & Diagnosis, 2017
Study background: In our environment, oral cancer is one of the most common lethal diseases encountered in dental practice. It is frequently diagnosed in the late stages because most patients present late in the course of the disease. This may be attributed to their low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, and some traditional beliefs in alternative native therapies. Some authors have reported on oral cancers specifically in their individual geographic settings; however, there is a paucity of reviews on Oral cancers generally in our environment. This study aims to review the prevalence, awareness and clinicopathologic patterns of oral cancers across the different geographic zones in Nigeria. Methods: Information was sourced from journals, electronic data base such as Medline, Pubmed, Elsevier ScienceDirect and personal research work. Result: Several prevalence rates have been reported in different geopolitical locations in our environment. Orofacial carcinomas were reported mostly in the older age groups while the Orofacial sarcomas were found in the slightly younger age groups. Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant histopathological type. There is a low level of awareness of these lesions among the low socioeconomic groups which makes them present late in our health care facilities hence a poor prognosis. Conclusion: There is a need for increased awareness, advocacy and preventive care and early detection.
Oral cancer: The Nigerian experience
International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2013
Oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers worldwide and the five years survival rate is still disappointingly low. The incidence of oral cancer varies from different regions of the world with highest rates reported in the South-east Asia especially in India where oral cancer accounts for 15 - 40% of cancers and is the most common cancer in men. Although, tobacco and alcohol use are the most important risk factors in the development of oral cancer, some reports from Nigeria suggests otherwise. Tobacco and chronic alcohol use have been found to be low in cancer patients in various studies from Nigeria, whereas most of these patients are from the lower income, poorly educated class in the society. More so, oral cancer patients from a study in Nigeria were found to consume less fruits than controls and had statistically significant lower serum antioxidant vitamins levels when compared with a non-cancer group. We suggest that poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and possibly a yet t...
Frontiers in Oral Health, 2022
Oral cancer (OC) is one of the most common cancers that remain global public health concerns in low- and middle-income countries. The epidemiology of OC in Africa endures uncertain. Earlier reports suggested a relatively low incidence of OC among Africans. Acting on behavioral factors and setting early diagnosis and treatments of OC can tremendously reduce morbidity and mortality related to it. This study determined factors associated with the OC adverse outcome and death in the Rwanda Military Hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 311 medical records of patients who consulted in the Oral and Maxilla Facial Department between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2019. Associated factors were estimated by use of odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to estimate predictors of an OC adverse outcome and death. Almost three quarters of the participants were from rural areas (n = 229, 73.6%) and alc...