Association of periodontitis with pre term low birth weight – A review (original) (raw)
Related papers
Periodontitis and Birth of Preterm Infants with Low Weight: A Review Article
2019
About 9.6% of infants are born prematurely around the world. In addition to infection of reproductive system, inflammation and infection of distant organs are one of the risk factors for preterm low birth weight (PTLBW). Since periodontitis is a prevalent disease and also premature labor is a common complication with high treatment cost, it is important to elucidate the relationship between these two conditions. Such a knowledge could be helpful to prioritize the preventive interventions for reduction of adverse pregnancy outcome. Epidemiologic studies , as the first line of evidence, showed the higher prevalence of PTLBW among women with periodontitis. When a condition is being proposed as a risk factor, it is necessary to explain the biologic mechanisms underlying such a relationship. The relationship between periodontitis and PTLBW is biologically plausible. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which anaerobic bacteria being colonized in deep pathologic pockets and ...
Periodontal disease -- the emergence of a risk for systemic conditions: pre-term low birth weight
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2005
This paper addresses the problem of adverse pregnancy outcome in relation to periodontal disease. There is compelling evidence that a link exists between pre-term low birth weight (PLBW) and periodontitis. Although 25% to 50% of PLBW deliveries occur without any known aetiology, there is increasing evidence that infection may play a significant role in pre-term delivery. A model explaining the plausible relationship is proposed based upon the concept of infection leading to a cascade of inflammatory reactions associated with pre-term labour and periodontal disease. Current evidence has pointed to an interest in dental intervention studies to control periodontal disease as one of the potential strategies to reduce pre-term labour. This paper reviews the potential association between periodontal infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Periodontal Pathogens and Preterm Birth: Current Knowledge and Further Interventions
Pathogens, 2021
Preterm labor is defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation and occurs in 5-20% of pregnancies. Preterm labor, as multifactorial entity associated with a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, is influenced by maternal, fetal and environmental factors. Microbiological studies suggest that infectious pathogens may account for 25-40% of preterm birth. Infections of different sites, like genital, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia, are linked to the preterm labor. The most recent epidemiological studies consistently report that maternal periodontal disease is associated with preterm delivery, as well as the association between the presence of pathogenic oral bacteria in the placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes. On the other hand, some previously published papers found periodontal bacteria in placentas of term pregnancies. In spite of a huge research done on the topic, both experimental and clinical, there are many controversial opinions about the role of periodontal infections in preterm birth. Thus, this comprehensive review addresses this very important topic and evaluates novel strategies of preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Impact of Periodontal Disease on Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth
Preterm birth represents a major problem in the world because of its increasing frequency and accompanying socioeconomic impact. Globally prematurity is the leading cause of newborn deaths and now the second leading cause of death after pneumonia under age of five. Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes may be linked through a chronic, systemic inflammatory challenge to the mother and fetus in response to pathogens. Several studies in the past have demonstrated an association between infection and preterm birth. However several other risk factors need to be considered. The principle reasons cited for the continued high rate of preterm and low birth weight is poor understanding of the risk factors associated. This article explains the association between preterm birth and periodontitis by stating various complications of preterm birth, pathophisiology of the associated risk factors like bacterial infection, viral infection, gene polymorphism, adaptive immune responses, preeclampsia. The early diagnostic predictors in the form of biomarkers and the effect of periodontal therapy in preventing the preterm birth are discussed. As Peridontitis is an important risk factor for preterm birth there is a need to expand preventive measures during pregnancy to avoid this adverse effect.
2020
Background : World wide, numerous studies have shown a significant association between periodontitis and prematurity and/ or low birth weight particularly in developing countries. Periodontitis has been documented as public health concern but its association with preterm and /or low birth weight remains uncertain, thus the objective of this scoping review is to summarize the most recent published evidence related to the effect of periodontitis on preterm birth and low birth weight. Methods Hinari, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to acquire the published literature. The retrieved studies included cross-sectional, case control studies and randomized controlled trials with available full text published in English from 2008 to 2019. The key words used to identify relevant articles for review included the following: periodontitis, periodontal disease, pregnancy, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Results : 333 articles were identified initially after combining all the key word...
Relationships of Periodontal Disease and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
International Journal of Medical and Clinical Imaging, 2019
One of the risk factor for preterm delivery by increasing local and systemic inflammatory responses certainly is periodontal disease. Specific oral pathogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, C. rectus and other might be connected to the adverse results of pregnancy. During pregnancy, the number of anaerobic gram-negative bacteria compared to aerobic increases in dental plaque in the second trimester, which can lead to an increase in local cytokine production. Preterm delivery occurs by ascending infections from the vagina or cervix or through haematogenous spree from non-genital sources. The association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse preterm delivery although extensive studies remains unclear. There are various explanations for different pathways of periodontal disease activity on the negative outcomes of pregnancy. For the well-being of the pregnant women and babies further research on the prevention and treatment of chronic oral infections in pregnancy, as well as in the female reproductive population, will be required.
IP innovative publication pvt ltd, 2020
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting supportive tissues of the teeth, leading to progressive destruction of connective tissue attachment and the alveolar bone. This destruction is characterized by the formation of a periodontal pocket. Because of its chronic inflammatory infectious nature, periodontitis has been considered a systemic exposure implicated with causative agent in variety of systemic diseases and condition. Recent findings have suggested that periodontal diseases are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight and preeclampsia.
Microbiologic and Inflammatory Markers of Periodontitis are Different to those of Preterm Birth
Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2017
Background: Comparing microbiologic and inflammatory markers of periodontitis with those of preterm birth (PTB). Methods: Secondary analysis of a prior prospective case-control study done at the Geneva University Hospitals. Cases were women delivering at 22-34 6/7 weeks (early PTB, n=30) and controls were women delivering at ≥ 37 weeks (term delivery, n=87). We collected dental plaque during labour to quantify RNA levels from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Treponema denticola (Td). We also collected cord blood for cultures and cytokine quantification (IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, MCP-1 and RANTES). Periodontal status was evaluated at the immediate postpartum using the American Consensus definition. Data was analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Levels of Pg and Td were significantly higher in dental plaque of women with severe and moderate periodontitis. Microbiologic composition of dental plaque was not different between preterm and term delivery groups. There were no differences in cord blood cultures between groups. Cord TNF-α ≥ 8 pg/ml and IL-10 ≥ 1.3 pg/ml were associated with a higher risk of periodontitis (OR 2.78, 95% CI: 1.09-7.13, P=0.033; OR 2.78, 95% CI: 1.09-7.08, P=0.032 respectively), but differences were not significant at multivariate analysis. Cord MCP-1 ≥ 350 pg/ml was associated with a higher risk of PTB at both univariate (OR 40.25, 95% CI: 6.79-238.48, P<0.001) and multivariate analysis (OR 53.71, 95% CI: 7.02-410.95, P<0.001). Conclusion: In labour, microbiologic markers and inflammatory responses associated with periodontitis and PTB are different. The mechanisms linking periodontitis and PTB therefore still need to be elucidated.
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2005
Pre-term delivery of low-birth-weight (PLBW) babies is considered a major peri-natal problem in many countries and is contributing substantially to infant mortality and to childhood handicap. There is a reported incidence of pre-term delivery of low-birth-weight (PLBW) babies of 37% of all live births in Pakistan, which has a tremendous impact on health care system in this community. The prevalence of periodontal disease in Pakistan is also very high in all age groups and women of child bearing age (18-34 years) are no exception. Recent studies indicate periodontal infection as a potential independent risk factor for PLBW, and is considered to be 7 times more likely to be associated than any other risk factors. Several postulated mechanisms have been reviewed, including the virulence effects and role of asymptomatic bacteraemia, focusing on the bacterial load in periodontium facilitating its transmission from oral cavity to the uterus. The indication that periodontal disease is a po...
Background. Pre-term birth and/or low birth weight (PTLBW) is a serious problem in developing countries. The absence of known risk factors in ~ 50% of PTLBW cases has resulted in a continued search for other causes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of periodontitis on pregnancy outcomes. Methods. Samples were taken from 50 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis. Polymerase chain reaction was performed on amniotic fluid samples obtained during amniocentesis and on subgingival plaque samples to determine the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus and Eikenella corrodens. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level were evaluated. Medical records were obtained after birth. Results. Social and demographic variables were similar among the Gingivitis (G), Localized Periodontitis (LP) and Generalized Periodontitis (GP) groups. Four subjects gave birth to PTLBW neonates. Campylobacter rectus, T. forsythia, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were detected in the amniotic fluid and subgingival plaque samples of three patients who gave birth to PTLBW neonates. The amniotic fluid sample from the fourth patient was not positive for any of the tested pathogens. Conclusion. These findings suggest that the transmission of some periodontal pathogens from the oral cavity of the mother may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. The results contribute to an understanding of the association between periodontal disease and PTLBW, but further studies are required to better clarify the possible relationship.