Prevalence of Trypanosoma infection and associated risk factors in Camels in Lasbela District, Baluchistan (original) (raw)
Related papers
Pakistan Veterinary Journal
Blood samples were collected from 240 camels (183 male and 57 female) of four breeds from six districts of Sindh. An overall infection was determined as 11.25%. Species of Trypanosoma was identified as Trypanosoma evansi. District wise infection was found to be 2.5, 7.5, 12.5, 15.00, 22.5 and 7.5% in Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas, Umerkot, Badin, Thatta and Larkana, respectively. A higher infection was found in females (15.79%) as compared to males (9.84%). Highest (14.96%) infection was noted in age group >7 years, followed by 8.57 and 4.65% in 3 to 7 years and less than to 3 years old camels, respectively. Four breeds of camels were surveyed and the highest infection rate was found in Sakrai breed (21.82%), followed by 16.67, 6.15 and 5.95% in Kharai, Sindhi and Dhati breeds respectively. When herd size was considered, infection rate was 1.67, 6.67, 15.00 and 21.67% in herds possessing 1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 20 and more than 20 animals, respectively.
Trypanomosis in Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Delo-Mena District
Across sectional study was carried to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis (surra) in Delo-Mena district, Bale Zone, Oromia region, southwestern Ethiopia from September to December 2004. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 395 camels. Wet film and Giemsa-stained blood smears were used for the detection of trypanosomes. Among these, 72 (18.22%) samples were positive for Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), the only Trypanosoma species identified. A higher infection was found in males (20.25%) as compared to females (17.72%). However, there was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between sex categories (p >0.05). Highest 27.63% infection was noted in age group > 4 years, followed by 14.54 and 10.52% in 1 to 3 years and 3 to 4 years old camels, respectively. There was statistical significant difference (p <0.05) in susceptibility among age groups. These results seem to indicate that T. evansi infection has a relatively low prevalence in the study area. There is a need of further study on the distribution and seasonality of the disease and its vectors in order to establish control measures in affected herds and avoid dissemination of the disease.
Prevalence of Camel Trypanosomosis at Selected Districts of Bale Zone
2016
Across-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to March 2014 at selected districts of Bale zone, Oromia Regional States of Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosmosis and assess associated potential risk factors. Simple random sampling technique was used and the study animals were selected based on the camel population of the district in the study area. The wet, thin smear and the Buffy coat examination was employed under microscope. Out of 392 examined animals, 70 (17.9%) were positive for Trypanosome evansi. There was statistically significant difference between age groups, districts of the animals and trypanosome infection (P<0.05). Higher prevalence of the infection was recorded in Age group of>4 years (27.6%) followed by 3 years (14.5%) and 3-4 years old camels (10.5%) respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference observed between sex with the occurrence of the disease (P>0.05). The highest prevalence of the disease w...
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2020
Camel (Camelus dromedarius) is one of important livestock which enormously well adapted to hot and arid environments prominently due to its unique anatomical, physiological and behavioral characteristics. It plays an important role in the arid and semi-arid lowlands of eastern and southeastern Ethiopia where nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems predominate [1]. The camels are of great importance socially and culturally as well as economically and thus cornerstone in the social organization of many of the camel-keeping societies [2]. World Camel population is estimated to be around 25.89million spread across 47 countries. About 85% of the camel population inhabits mainly Eastern and Northern Africa and rest in Indian subcontinent and Middle East countries. Somalia has the highest population of 7million followed by Sudan 4.25million [3]. Ethiopian camel population is around 1.16million, out of which, 434,291 inhabits in Afar region, 353,124 in Somali region and 239,357 in Oromia region. The camels kept in Oromia region found in arid and semi-arid lowlands of Borana, West and East Hararge, Bale and Guji zone [4]. Borena pastoralist probably started camel production in early 1560 in the gada period of Abbay Horro Dullacha (14 th Abba Gada Borana). The main driving forces behind the increased camel production in the Borena pastoralist have been ecological changes, social conditions (religion, marriage linkage, confl ict) and extensive seasonal migration [5]. The camel populations of Borana pastoralist area are 77147 [4]. The dominance of other livestock species over camels perhaps might have masked the potential contributions of these animals to the national
Review on Camel Trypanosomosis: its Epidemiology and Economic Importance
Trypanosomoses causes a significant impact in food production and economic growth in many parts of the world. Camels are affected by many infectious and parasitic diseases. Among parasitic diseases, camel trypanosomosis (Surra), caused by Trypanosoma evansi is the most important single cause of morbidity and mortality in camels. The disease transmitted non-cyclically by haematophagus flies (eg. Tabanus) is endemic in Africa, Asia, central and South-America and in addition to camels other species of domesticated livestock are affected. Because of the wide spread of the disease, its control has attracted international attention, with focus on formulating and implementing effective strategies aimed at increasing productivity and achieving decrease in morbidity and mortality. Camel trypanosomosis is an acute/chronic disease of camel results progressive anaemia, anoxic condition and immunosuppression which later develops and predisposes the animal to other infections and death if untreated. It causes economic losses as a result of reduced productivity, abortion in all age groups of pregnancy period, drop in milk and meat yield morbidity up to 30% and mortality of around 3%. It has marked seasonal incidence related to wet and humid conditions and increased activities of biting flies during the wet season. The paper reviews the epidemiology of the disease and host response against the parasite. Therefore, emphasis is placed on accurate diagnosis of Surra, treatment with effective trypanocidal drugs and the use of vector control methods in the control and management of this disease.
Original Research , 2024
Background Surra is a parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi that threatens the health and productivity of camels. Despite its significant impact on camels in Ethiopia, surra has not received as much attention as diseases in cattle and other domestic animals. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of surra, identify the potential risk factors and assess the traditional knowledge, attitude and practices of camel herders towards the disease. Methods The study used a parasitological and participatory epidemiological (PE) approach. Between February and July 2022, a total of 335 blood samples were collected from camels across three districts and tested using the buffy coat technique. The PE investigation involved six key informant groups consisting of 8 to 12 key persons, and used a semi-structured interview and various PE tools and principles. Result The study found that the prevalence of surra among examined camels was 3.9% (95% CI: 2.1–6.5). The prevalence was significantly higher in camels with a poor body condition score (BCS) (OR = 9.3; 95% CI: 1.8–47.5; p = 0.008) compared with camels with a good BCS. However, district, age, sex, and ethnicity had no effect on the prevalence of surra (p > 0.05). The study also found that the packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) in parasitaemic animals (18.92 ± 2.63) than in aparasitaemic animals (25.13 ± 4.56). Camels with poor BCS (22.7 ± 3.5) had a significantly (p < 0.001) lower mean PCV than camels with good BCS (26.2 ± 5.0). The PE investigation showed that all the camel herders were well aware of surra, known locally as Dhukana. The clinical symptoms, the season of high incidence, routes of transmission, impact on production, and control methods were accurately described. Moreover, this study emphasized that surra is the primary disease affecting camel health and productivity. Conclusion The study identified a moderate prevalence of surra in the research area. To reduce surra incidence and associated losses, enhancing veterinary services and providing support for proper camel husbandry practices in the region is recommended. Additionally, future studies should consider using more sensitive and specific techniques like serological and molecular assays, as this study relied on microscopy only.
The aim of this research work was to monitor the pattern of Trypanosoma evansi infection among slaughtered camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sokoto central abattoir. This study was carried out between June to September, 2012. Two hundred blood samples from different camels were used for the study, and conventional parasitological technique was used to determine the prevalence of infection. Out of 200 camels examined, 63(31.5%) were found to be infected with T. evansi. Female camels were found to be significantly more infected, 37(34.64%) compared to males, 26(28.5%). Based on age group, camels aged 10-12 years old were observed to be more infected 8(40.0%) than the other groups, however, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Result showed that, animals with body temperature of 39-41 o C found to be significantly more infected (44.0%) when compared to those with 34-38 o C having prevalence of 29.7%. Findings showed that female camels were found to be more susceptible to be infected and based on age; statistics confirms that all camels have equal chance to be infected with T. evansi. However, animals with higher body temperature happens to be more infected. Thus, it's recommended that prevalence study to be routinely in order to monitor the increase or decrease of the infection, and also bring up to date data for government and researchers about the infection for proper containment.
Research Article, 2023
Camel trypanosomosis is a life-threatening disease with adverse effects on camel health, production, and working efficiency. Despite this, camel trypanosomosis has received much less attention in Ethiopia compared with the disease in cattle and other animals. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis, identify the potential risk factors, and determine the importance of trypanosomosis in causing anemia in camels in the Gorodola and Liben districts in the Guji Zone of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. To this end, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 450 camels in heparinized capillary tubes and analyzed for the presence of Trypanosoma evansi using the buffy coat technique and Giemsa-stained thin smears. T. evansi infection was detected in 24 (5.3%) of the 450 camels examined. Out of the four variables analyzed in this study, two factors, such as body condition (BC) score and age, were found to be significantly (P < 0:05) associated with trypanosomosis in camels. A higher prevalence of trypanosomosis was observed in camels in poor BC (13.22%) than in camels in good (4.62%) or moderate (1.01%) BC. Likewise, adult camels (8.09%) were infected more frequently than young camels (1.12%), whereas no trypanosomes were detected in camel calves under 2 years of age. No significant statistical difference was found between the two districts, and male and female camels (P > 0:05). Statistically, the mean packed cell volume was significantly lower (P < 0:05) in parasitemic camels (26:5% ± 7) as compared with aparasitemic camels (33:9% ± 9:1). In conclusion, the current study conducted during a dry season showed a moderate prevalence of trypanosomosis in camels. Further studies using more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, such as miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique, serology, or molecular tests, are needed to establish a true epidemiological dataset on the prevalence and seasonality of the disease and its vectors in the study area to recommend viable control measures.
Scientific Reports
Surra is a non-cyclic parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and spread by biting flies. The disease has a severe impact on camel health, productivity, and market value, posing a significant threat to food safety and the economy. In a cross-sectional study, 370 blood samples were collected from camels in three Egyptian governorates. Samples were tested using parasitological (thin blood smear (TBS)), card agglutination test for T. evansi (CATT), and PCR to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. evansi among examined camels was 17.3%, 18.9% and 22.7% using TBS, CATT and PCR methods, respectively. The risk of T. evansi infection in older camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odds ratio (OR) = 9; 95% CI: 3.5–23.1), particularly during spring (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1–5.7). Furthermore, females and poor conditioned camels were 2.6 and four times more likely to get infection than males and good conditioned camels,...
Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports
Background: Trypanosomosis is the most prevalent disease and causes serious economic losses in Ethiopia. The disease is among the major constraint to camel production in the country. Hence, this study aimed to determine the occurrence and associated risk factors of camel trypanosomosis in the Borana zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted from December 2018 to December 2019 using parasitological techniques in the Yabelo and Gomole districts of the Borana zone. A total of 384 camels were randomly selected and tested using wet blood film (thin) and the Giemsa-stained technique. The packed cell volume (PCV) of sampled camels was recorded using a hematocrit reader. Results: An overall 3.91% prevalence of camel trypanosomosis was observed in study areas. Trypanosoma-infected camel had significant (P=0.0001) lower mean PCV (20.73±1.91) than non-infected camel (27.07±4.35). The current study showed body condition of camel (OR=6.8, 95% CI: 1.44-31.83) and season (OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.04-9.07) as risk factors for the occurrence of camel trypanosomosis. However, the sex, age, and origin (district) of camel did not affect the occurrence of camel trypanosomosis in the study areas. Conclusion: Camel trypanosomosis impeded camel production in the study areas. Therefore, control and prevent methods considering seasonality, different ecology is necessary to design and implement. Moreover, a further study involving more sensitive molecular techniques should be conducted on camel trypanosomosis and their vectors.