Synthesis, optimization and characterization of Silver nanoparticles using aqueous seed extract of Trigonella foenum‐graceum L. for catalytic reduction of p‐nitrophenol (original) (raw)

Use of TG-FTIR analysis for the characterization of fuels and resources

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis combined with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis of evolved products has proven to be a powerful technique for characterization of coal, source rock, heavy hydrocarbons, biomass, waste materials, and plastics. The TG-FTIR method can be used to determine the resource potential of a material, i.e., the types of products a material is likely to produce when subjected to processing by pyrolysis or combustion. It can also provide kinetic information for model validation or extrapolation and can provide the equivalent information to proximate and ultimate analysis. In addition, TG-FTIR analysis can be used to characterize the adsorbent potential and combustion reactivity of solids. The TG-FTIR method can provide this information in a more rapid, reproducible, and inexpensive way when compared to most other types of laboratory characterization methods such as drop tube reactors. This paper reviews the application of TG-FTIR analysis to hydrocarbon f...

FTIR spectroscopy analysis for monitoring biodiesel production by heterogeneous catalyst

Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2019

Layered double hydroxides, mixed oxides, and pure oxides based on magnesium and calcium were evaluated as catalysts in the methyl transesterification of soybean oil in a batch reactor. The catalysts were prepared by continuous co-precipitation and characterized by specific surface area, thermogravimetric analysis, temperatureprogrammed desorption of CO 2 , and X-ray diffraction. The reactions were performed at 65°C, methanol-to-oil molar ratio 9:1, catalyst dosage of 1 wt.%, and reaction time of 240 min. The biodiesel analysis was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography (GC). Calcium-based catalyst, pure oxide (CaO) and mixed oxide (CaAl), demonstrated higher activity for methyl transesterification than magnesium-based catalyst. Considering both groups of catalysts, the activity for transesterification was: pure oxide > mixed oxide > > LDH. These results were related to the strength of the basic sites. FTIR and GC results were similar, with the advantage of FTIR analysis being simple, fast, and economical.

Potential of Biomass Sources for Fural-Based Fuel Production in the Consideration as a Green Fuel

European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 2019

In Vietnam, although quite modest, but since 1998, there have been investments in nanotechnology research. To date, many research results of nanotechnology application have been published in theory and experiment. Along with research units, the business sector also boldly applied nanotechnology in production. In this paper, the authors mention research, application, testing of fuel saving measures and emission reductions on diesel engines. It focuses on measures to improve fuel efficiency (including the use of emulsified fuels and the use of fuels containing nano-technology additives and especially the combination of the above two types) to test Control combustion in the direction of increasing capacity, saving fuel and reducing emissions. This measure has the same advantages as: it can be used on circulating engines without interfering with engine "hardware". The results contribute to the construction of technologies to produce renewable fuels from agricultural waste, to ...

A study of fire-retardant mechanisms in the gas phase by FTIR spectroscopy

Polymer International, 2000

This paper presents initial results of vapour-phase chemistry of volatile ®re retardants, which may contain phosphorus, bromine or iron, in the presence of fuel from the burning material. Two studies have been carried out using an isothermal tubular-¯ow reactor. In the ®rst study the in¯uence of a¯ame-retardant ignition limits of fuel/®re-retardant additive at different temperatures has been determined. These results indicate that a commercial ®re retardant , a phosphorus-containing additive, and ferrocene, are effective gas-phase additives with isooctane, but that bromobenzene is not. With toluene, all additives have a negative effect on the ignition temperature of the fuel. In the second study, the gas-phase mechanisms of ®re-retardant action have been studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR study combined with target factor analysis chemometric software indicates that product and intermediate gas-phase species (H 3 PO 4 , (CH 3 O) 2 P(OH)O and CH 3 OP(OH) 2 O) can be detected over a wide range of temperatures (400±900°C).

A state-of-the-art review on thermochemical conversion of biomass for biofuel production: A TG-FTIR approach

Energy Conversion and Management, 2020

Effective methods of biomass characterization are needed for energy production due to the increase in biomass to bioenergy conversion capacity and the availability of various biomass sources. The utilization of biomass has been enhanced through thermochemical conversion techniques such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. The biomass analytical techniques have been developed to decrease the time and energy required for biomass conversion performance. Thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analytical techniques facing several limitations when applied individually. Thus, TG coupled with FTIR (TG-FTIR) was used to analyze the main parameters of biomass and improved the energy crop growing developments. In addition, TG-FTIR can determine the suitable ratio for two different biomass or coal blending during the co-pyrolysis and co-gasification to achieve the optimum synergetic interaction. In this review, thermochemical conversion processes such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification are presented. The analysis of the thermochemical conversion of biomass with the use of TG and FTIR individually are then discussed. Lastly, this review aims to discuss the applications of TG-FTIR techniques that have been applied to the analysis of evolved gas from the thermochemical processing of biomass to biofuels.

A Study of Alternative Catalysts and Analysis Methods for Biodiesel Production

This project aims to develop a cost efficient process for biodiesel production and can be divided in three main components: 1) production of biodiesel from a variety of fuel stocks using liquid morpholine as catalyst; 2) production of biodiesel using a homogeneous phase transfer catalyst; and 3) development of a method for using Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) to determine the extent of conversion of oil to biodiesel. The production of biodiesel from various fuel stocks in the presence of methanol using liquid morpholine as catalyst reduces the problems related to purification of the biodiesel since morpholine can be recovered by distillation. Furthermore the use of two homogeneous phase transfer catalyst, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and choline hydroxide (CH), was evaluated. The advantage of using these catalysts is that it allows for a better separation between the fuel and glycerin, thus additionally simplifying the purification procedure. Finally, this project endeavored to develop a way to use FT-IR to determine the purity of biodiesel samples obtained since FT-IR is faster and more readily available than the standard method of gas chromatographic analysis. For educational applications, a calibration curve was created by comparing data on the purity of biodiesel samples obtained from the GC-FID analysis to the ratio of the absorbances at 1197 cm-1 to 1166 cm-1 from the FT-IR spectrum. For field application, a similar method was developed using a portable IR spectrometer. The data collected gave a good linear fit for % purity of the samples versus absorbance ratio.

Gas emission measurements with a FTIR gas analyzer -verification of the analysis method

1 Introduction A Gasmet DX 4000N FTIR gas analyzer (Gasmet Technologies 2006) has been used to measure and ana-lyze gaseous emissions from the chemical industry and various combustion processes (Heikkinen 2007). Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the measurement and analysis of product gas composi-tion from the wood gasification process and the emissions of wood gas fired gas engines and burners. The aim of this paper is to develop the FTIR analysis method and to ascertain the accuracy and relevance of emission measurements within the chemical industry and various combustion processes.

A comparative study on gaseous fuel generation capability of biomass materials by thermo-chemical gasification using stoichiometric quasi-steady-state model

International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 2015

The present work investigates the potential of different biomasses for air-steam gasification using thermodynamic equilibrium model. A stoichiometric thermodynamic equilibrium model considering char conversion and tar formation is developed using MATLAB software to compare the gasification performance of different biomasses in terms of product gas yield, heating value and energy efficiency. Regression analysis is performed and correlations for the yield of different syngas constituents are developed in terms of temperature, steam to biomass ratio and equivalence ratio for all the biomasses. For a temperature of 1000 K, steam to biomass ratio of unity and equivalence ratio of 0.25, maximum mole fraction of hydrogen (14.89 %) was obtained from rubber seed shell with a lower heating value and gas yield of 4.71 MJ/Nm 3 and 1.18 Nm 3 /h, respectively.