Marine Sourced Glycosaminoglycans ‘GAGs’ (original) (raw)
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The therapeutic potential of natural bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, especially glycosaminoglycans, is now well documented, and this activity combined with natural biodiversity will allow the development of a new generation of therapeutics. Advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis, structure and function of complex glycans from mammalian origin have shown the crucial role of this class of molecules to modulate disease processes and the importance of a deeper knowledge of structure-activity relationships. Marine environment offers a tremendous biodiversity and original polysaccharides have been discovered presenting a great chemical diversity that is largely species specific. The study of the biological properties of the polysaccharides from
Antiproliferative Activity of Glycosaminoglycan-Like Polysaccharides Derived from Marine Molluscs
Marine Drugs
Despite the increasing availability of new classes of cancer treatment, such as immune- and targeted therapies, there remains a need for the development of new antiproliferative/cytotoxic drugs with improved pharmacological profiles that can also overcome drug resistant forms of cancer. In this study, we have identified, and characterised, a novel marine polysaccharide with the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent. Sulphated polysaccharides isolated from the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) were shown to have antiproliferative activity on chronic myelogenous leukaemia and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines. Disaccharide and monosaccharide analysis of these marine polysaccharides confirmed the presence of glycosaminoglycan-like structures that were enriched in ion-exchange purified fractions containing antiproliferative activity. The antiproliferative activity of these glycosaminoglycan-like marine polysaccharides was shown to be susceptible to heparinase...
Marine Polysaccharides in Medicine
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About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with seawater and 90% biosphere wraps maximum biodiversity that offers resourceful novel bio-molecules. Marine species are enriched with organic compounds viz. terpenoids, polyethers/ketides, lipo-glycoproteins, peptides and polysaccharides that act as cell surface receptors and involve in cell development/differentiation, besides being antimicrobial agents. Algae, sponge and fish have various defense mechanisms developed via specific/potent natural molecules to survive under hostile, extreme conditions such as various degrees of salinity, pressure, temperature, darkness, besides microbial and viral attacks. Marine seaweeds and algae enriched with polysaccharides such as glycosaminoglycans, agar, alginate and chitin/ chitosan owing to their diversified significance have received growing attention among researchers. Currently, marine-derived biomolecules cater 20% market drug load while other natural products bear 30% share. Chitins exhibit various biological and physicochemical properties that can be exploited in biotechnology and medicine/drug, cosmetic, food and textile industries. This chapter focuses on chitin/chitosan production, its physicochemical characterization and biological activities and relationship between its chemical structure and bio-activity, including chemical modification reactions such as acylation, substitution, sulfonation and other cross-linking strategies applied to skeletal modification with the recently updated literature.
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Although various anticancer therapeutic tools have been launched, such as immunotherapy and targeted therapy, newly developed drugs with antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects are still in demand; hence, newly discovered anticancer drugs with an improved pharmacological profile are needed to overcome drug resistance of cancer cells. This study focused on identifying and characterising novel polysaccharides isolated from the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) with antiproliferative activity, using the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation method. Marine polysaccharides have exhibited in-vitro potent antiproliferative activity, leading to induced apoptotic cellular death in three cancer cell lines, which are chronic myelogenous leukaemia, relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and mesothelioma of the pleural cavity with asbestos exposure. Structural analysis has confirmed the presence of glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharides in cockle extracts with potent antiproliferative activity, wh...
Current Organic Chemistry, 2014
Polysaccharides are among the most abundant macromolecules on Earth. These polymers are easily obtained from various marine resources such as algae, microorganisms and crustacean shells. The structure of these natural carbohydrates is innovative and quite complex. Marine biopolymers represent key scaffolds toward large challenging fields, such as biomedical applications (glycosaminoglycans, regenerative medicine and drug delivery) and tailored biomaterials. Chemical modifications can be applied to modify their final properties in a specific purpose. New functional glycans are achievable and represent a real potential with their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability. Hydroxyl groups are ubiquitous in polysaccharides structure and involved in most of the chemical modifications. The most useful functionalities are ester, ether, amide, amine and alkyl groups. The starting materials could be a natural or depolymerized polymers and the reaction considered with a regioselective point of view. In this review, we will focus on chitin polysaccharide, which is extracted according to industrial processing from exoskeleton of several marine crustaceans. A subsequent deacylation provides chitosan. This marine polysaccharide is very similar to cellulose, a widespread fiber plant organic polymer, except for an amine group on the C2 position instead of a hydroxyl group. Furthermore, seaweeds provide the most abundant sources of polysaccharides: alginates, agar/agarose, carrageenans and fucoidans. In order to improve the original physicochemical and biochemical properties, we will highlight the chemical modifications involving the listed marine polysaccharides of interest. Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site 2
Isolation, Purification and Structural Characteristics of Glycosaminoglycans from Sea
2021
Sea cucumber glycosaminoglycans have been well known as potential anticoagulant and antithrombin agents. In this investigation, glycosaminoglycans were isolated from sea cucumber Stichopus horrens (S. horrens) by papain enzymatic digestion. Crude glycosaminoglycans were fractionated and purified by using anion-exchange chromatography on the DEAE-Macro Prep column to give two fractions of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) and fucan sulfate (FS). Structural characteristics of F1 and F2 fractions were elucidated using chemical and IR, NMR spectroscopic methods. The results showed that the monosaccharide compositions of F1 consists of N-Acetyl-Galactosamine (glcnac), D-Glucuronic acid (glca) and Fucose (Fuc) residues with different molar ratios, while F2 content only fucose residues. Sulfate contents of F1 and F2 were 47.4 % and 48.1 %, respectively. F1 and F2 fractions were different in the pattern of sulfation of N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and fucose residues. IR and NMR spectra of tw...
Frontiers in chemistry, 2014
Although polysaccharides are ubiquitous and the most abundant renewable bio-components, their studies, covered by the glycochemistry and glycobiology fields, remain a challenge due to their high molecular diversity and complexity. Polysaccharides are industrially used in food products; human therapeutics fall into a more recent research field and pharmaceutical industry is looking for more and more molecules with enhanced activities. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in animal tissues play a critical role in cellular physiological and pathological processes as they bind many cellular components. Therefore, they present a great potential for the design and preparation of therapeutic drugs. On the other hand, microorganisms producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) are renewable resources meeting well the actual industrial demand. In particular, the diversity of marine microorganisms is still largely unexplored offering great opportunities to discover high value products such as new molecules ...
Glycosylated Natural Products From Marine Microbes
Frontiers in Chemistry, 2020
A growing body of evidence indicates that glycosylated natural products have become vital platforms for the development of many existing first-line drugs. This review covers 205 new glycosides over the last 22 years (1997-2018), from marine microbes, including bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi. Herein, we discuss the structures and biological activities of these compounds, as well as the details of their source organisms.
Biomedical applications of marine based polysaccharides-an overview
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Harikrishna et al 1-3 INTRODUCTION Polysaccharides are long chain polymers consisting of more than two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides can be divided in to two categories starch derived polysaccharides and nonstarch polysaccharides. These are the natural polysaccharides worlds cheap carbohydrate food source & occupies [1] first position in availability . Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature and are comparatively cheap, non-toxic, eco-friendly, with different origins, plant origin, animal origin and microbial origin. The different chemical properties of these polysaccharides made them versatile materials which are used for many different applications. Some important properties are holding of H O, binding, thickening, 2