Evaluation of Solid Phase Micro-extraction with Standard Testing Method for Formaldehyde Determination (original) (raw)
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Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 2013
A study was carried out to evaluate the solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) for formaldehyde emission analysis of uncoated plywood. In SPME, formaldehyde was on-fiber derivatized through headspace extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The SPME was compared with desiccators (DC-JAS 233), small-scale chamber (SSC-ASTM D6007) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE-EPA 556) methods which were performed in accordance with their respective standards. Compared to SSC (RSD 4.3%) and LLE (RSD 5.0%), the SPME method showed better repeatability (RSD 1.8%) and not much difference from DC (RSD 1.4%). The SPME has proven to be highly precise (at 95% confidence level) with better recovery (REC 102%). Validation of the SPME method for formaldehyde quantitative analysis was evidenced. In addition, the SPME by air sampling directly from plywood specimens (SPME-W) correlated best with DC (r 2 = 0.983), followed by LLE (r 2 = 0.950) and SSC (r 2 = 0.935).
Holzforschung, 2000
Hot-pressing wood, particularly in the production of wood composites, generates significant ''native'' (wood-based) formaldehyde (FA), even in the absence of adhesive. The level of native FA relates directly to the time and temperature of hot-pressing. This native FA dissipates in a relatively short time and is not part of the long-term FA emission issue commonly associated with hydrolyzing urea-formaldehyde bonds. This paper demonstrates that the common desiccator/ chromotropic acid method is very specific for FA and is not influenced by other volatile compounds set free from wood during hot-pressing. Furthermore, it is shown that particle board produces native FA at high levels even in the absence of adhesives or in the presence of one type of no-added formaldehyde (NAF) adhesive. Soy-based adhesives sup press native FA emission and provide low FA emission levels in both the short and long term. This study highlights an often overlooked aspect that should be considered for emis sion testing: standardizing the time and conditions employed immediately after pressing and prior to the onset of emis sions testing. Addressing this issue in more detail would improve the reliability of correlation between data obtained by rapid process monitoring methods and emission measure ments in large chambers.
The measurements of formaldehyde emission (FE) from solid wood, plywood, flooring and blockboard used for building and furnishing materials were obtained using the European small-scale chamber (EN 717-1) and gas analysis (EN 717-2) methods to identify the major sources of formaldehyde among construction and wood products in the Czech Republic. The differences in the FE values reported for various wood products were a function of their structural differences. These results showed that the wood species, plywood type and thickness significantly affected the FE measured by EN 717-2 (P < 0.001). The FE values from solid wood ranged between 0.0068 and 0.0036 ppm and 0.084-0.014 mg/m 2 h. The initial FE ranged from 0.006 mg/m 3 for engineered flooring with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) to 0.048 mg/m 3 for painted birch blockboard. Furthermore, the FE dropped noticeably by the end of the measuring period, ranging between 0.006 mg/m 3 for engineered flooring with PVAc and 0.037 mg/m 3 for painted beech blockboard. Additionally, the initial FE was higher for the painted blockboard (0.035-0.048 mg/m 3 ) than for the uncoated boards (0.022-0.032 mg/m 3 ). In the first week after manufacturing, the FE was high, but the decrease in FE was noticeable at the two-week measurement for all of the materials, especially for the painted blockboards. (M.Z.M. Salem). levels from 0.5 to 1.0 ppm, formaldehyde produces irritation of the eyes, nose and throat in most people, while at concentrations above 1.0 ppm, exposure to formaldehyde produces extreme discomfort .
European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 2010
Since different test methods of measuring the formaldehyde emission (FE) from wood-based composite panels have been used for different countries and regions, this study attempted to establish empirical correlations between three test methods (i.e., 24-hour desiccator, 1 m 3 chamber, and perforator) for plywood (PLW), particleboard (PB), and medium density fiberboard (MDF), particularly emphasizing on correlations between the 24-hour desiccator and the 1 m 3 chamber method. The desiccator method found statistically high correlations with other two methods, resulting in regression coefficient values ranging from 0.96 to 0.88 for PLW, PB, and MDF samples. In particular, the desiccator method had an empirically high correlation with the 1 m 3 chamber method that had been adopted as the reference method of comparing regionally different test methods of measuring the FE of wood-based composite panels by the ISO/TC89.
In this study, the formaldehyde emission (FE) from different types of particleboard, medium density fi berboard (MDF), and plywood products supplied from a commercial plant in the Czech Republic were evaluated by gas analysis and European small chamber (EN 717-1) methods. The signifi cant effects of manufacturing variables (board type and thickness) as well as different types of formaldehyde-based resins on FE measured by gas analysis were obtained. When the E1 type adhesives were employed, a wide variation in the quantity of free formaldehyde was observed among the three product types. The FE values of plywood samples measured by gas analysis were lower than those of the particleboard and MDF samples. The correlation between the two methods for the particleboard and MDF were good (R 2 = 0.82 and 0.76, respectively) and however for plywood (R 2 = 0.52) it was not convincing. FE specifi ed in EN 717-2 was comparable with the EN 717-1 values for the same board type and thickness as well as the resin type and below the E1-emission class.
Wood is known to contain and emit volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. The emission of formaldehyde from wood increases during its processing to lumber and wood-based panels (i.e., particleboard and fiberboard). This increased emission can be attributed to the processing procedure of wood, which includes drying, pressing, and thermo-hydrolysis. Formaldehyde is emitted from wood under very high heat and is not expected to be a significant source of the emissions from composite wood products during normal service. Formaldehyde is also detectable even if wood has never been heated as well as under more or less ambient conditions. The presence of formaldehyde in the emissions from wood that does not contain adhesive resin has been explained by thermal degradation of polysaccharides in the wood. The emission levels of formaldehyde depend on factors such as wood species, moisture content, outside temperature, and time of storage. Additionally, the pyrolysis of milled wood lignin at 450 °C yields benzaldehyde, and the pyrolysis of spruce and pinewood at 450 °C generate formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2-propenal, butanal, and butanone, which can be attributed to the breakdown of the polysaccharide fraction of the wood.
Validation method and proficiency test for the determination of free and hydrolysed formaldehyde
Industria Textila, 2020
Formaldehyde resins are usually used in the textile industry to prevent wrinkling, as well as for conservation of textile artifacts. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to humans. There are several regulations regarding the amount of formaldehyde found in textiles, for example Oeko-Tex Standard 100, REACH and European Ecolabel. In the present work, a spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of free and hydrolyzed formaldehyde extracted through partial hydrolysis by using aqueous extraction was developed and validated. The method is in conformity with SR EN ISO 14184-1:2012 standard. The results of the validation parameters are 0.0117 mg/l for detection limit and 0.039 mg/l for quantification limit. The working field was proved to be linear in 0.15 µg CH2O/ml – 6.00 µg CH2O/ml range with a correlation coefficient of 0.999977. Furthermore, the recovery parameter value is 89.80%. Selectivity was determined in re...
Formaldehyde Emission from Wood-Based Panels Bonded with Different Formaldehyde-Based Resins
Drvna industrija, 2011
In this study, the formaldehyde emission (FE) from different types of particleboard, medium density fi berboard (MDF), and plywood products supplied from a commercial plant in the Czech Republic were evaluated by gas analysis (EN 717-2) and European small chamber (EN 717-1) methods. The signifi cant effects of manufacturing variables (board type and thickness) as well as different types of formaldehyde-based resins on FE measured by gas analysis were obtained. When the E1 type adhesives were employed, a wide variation in the quantity of free formaldehyde was observed among the three product types. The FE values of plywood samples measured by gas analysis were lower than those of the particleboard and MDF samples. The correlation between the two methods for the particleboard and MDF were good (R 2 = 0.82 and 0.76, respectively) and however for plywood (R 2 = 0.52) it was not convincing. FE specifi ed in EN 717-2 was comparable with the EN 717-1 values for the same board type and thickness as well as the resin type and below the E1-emission class.
Wood-borne formaldehyde varying with species, wood grade, and cambial age
Forest Products Journal, 2009
While the formaldehyde issue primarily focuses on adhesive systems used in wood-based panels, natural wood itself contains detectable formaldehyde. Potentially, this wood-borne formaldehyde is emitted over time; therefore, even with wood alone no" zero emission" is evident. In this work, the variation of formaldehyde contents in important commercial wood species that are dried and converted to wood particles for wood-based panel production was studied. Furthermore, whether wood grade or juvenile vs. mature ...